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Question 1
Correct
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ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to?
Your Answer: Increase sodium excretion
Explanation:The physiologic actions of BNP are similar to those of ANP and include decrease in systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure as well as an increase in natriuresis (sodium excretion). The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 2
Correct
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In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are:
Your Answer: Proteins-, HCO3-, Cl-,
Explanation:Anions are negatively charged ions and include: chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions. Chloride it the most abundant anion followed by bicarbonate and then protein anions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 3
Correct
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Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?
Your Answer: Tubular interstitial cells
Explanation:Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 4
Correct
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Question 5
Correct
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Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?
Your Answer: (Na + K) – (HCO3 + Cl)
Explanation:The anion gap is the difference between the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. Anion Gap = ([Na+] + [K+]) − ([Cl−] + [HCO−3])
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 6
Correct
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Renin is secreted by which of the following cells?
Your Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells
Explanation:The juxtaglomerular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles, and some in the efferent arterioles, that deliver blood to the glomerulus.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 7
Correct
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ADH causes?
Your Answer: Increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water
Explanation:Vasopressin (ADH) has three main effects:1. Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine.2. Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters.3. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 8
Correct
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In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:
Your Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l
Explanation:In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 9
Correct
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Where is angiotensinogen produced?
Your Answer: Liver
Explanation:Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 10
Correct
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An effect of aging on the kidney includes?
Your Answer: Decreased GFR
Explanation:The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100 to 130 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90 to 120 ml/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min per year.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
