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  • Question 1 - After exercise, O2 debt repay may take up to: ...

    Correct

    • After exercise, O2 debt repay may take up to:

      Your Answer: 90 min

      Explanation:

      Physical activity or exercise requires oxygen for production of ATP or energy via aerobic pathways of energy production. When the amount of oxygen that reaches muscles depletes, cells start producing energy anaerobically by partial breakdown of glucose resulting in lactic acid. Lactic acid should be removed from cells as it causes muscle fatigue. Oxygen is needed to oxidize lactic acid in to carbon dioxide and water and this need is known as oxygen debt. The existence of an oxygen debt explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise. This may take up from 60 – 90 mins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Respiratory
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Hydroxyl radicals are broken down by which of the following substance? ...

    Correct

    • Hydroxyl radicals are broken down by which of the following substance?

      Your Answer: Antioxidants

      Explanation:

      Unlike superoxide, which can be detoxified by superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction but it is believed can be counteracted by antioxidants.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Biology
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which mechanism of action does Trimethoprim use? ...

    Correct

    • Which mechanism of action does Trimethoprim use?

      Your Answer: Inhibit Folic Acid metabolism

      Explanation:

      Trimethoprim binds to dihydrofolate reductase and inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolic acid (DHF) to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). THF is an essential precursor in the thymidine synthesis pathway and interference with this pathway inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infectious Diseases
      • Medicine
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - A 36 year old man arrives at the clinic complaining of pain and...

    Correct

    • A 36 year old man arrives at the clinic complaining of pain and swelling of the left knee, ankles and right hallux. He has acute conjunctivitis, and dysuria. He suffered from an episode of gastroenteritis two weeks back. Clinical examination shows left Achilles tendonitis and right plantar fasciitis. Radiological examination reveals left sacroiliitis, with evidence of enthesitis, joint erosions and periostitis. HLA-B27 is positive. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Reiter’s syndrome

      Explanation:

      Reactive arthritis, (formerly known as Reiter’s syndrome), is an autoimmune condition that occurs after a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. It is categorized as a seronegative spondylarthritis because of its association with HLA-B27. Reactive arthritis primarily affects young men and usually presents with musculoskeletal or extra‑articular symptoms. The characteristic triad consists of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis. The diagnosis is based on clinical features such as patient history and physical examination; there are no specific tests for reactive arthritis. Treatment is primarily symptomatic and consists of the administration of NSAIDs, as most patients recover spontaneously. extraarticular dermatologic manifestations include skin lesions of the glans resembling psoriasis (balanitis circinata); hyperkeratinisation of the palms and soles (keratoderma blenorrhagicum), oral ulcers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Connective Tissue
      • Medicine
      38.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become condensed into well-defined chromosomes?...

    Incorrect

    • In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become condensed into well-defined chromosomes?

      Your Answer: Anaphase

      Correct Answer: Metaphase

      Explanation:

      Prophase begins when the nucleus envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes start to condense. The chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids that are joined at a constriction known as centromere. When the cell reaches the metaphase the chromosomes are completely condensed and ready to align on the equatorial plate

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - In the body what are fatty acids broken down to? ...

    Incorrect

    • In the body what are fatty acids broken down to?

      Your Answer: Aceto acetate

      Correct Answer: Acetyl Co A

      Explanation:

      Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl Co A. The acetyl-CoA produced by beta oxidation enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Biology
      • Medicine
      15.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 42 year old female presents with a funny bone sensation in her...

    Incorrect

    • A 42 year old female presents with a funny bone sensation in her right elbow that is accompanied by numbness and tingling in the 4th and 5th digits. The symptoms are aggravated when the elbow is bent for a prolonged period. Which of the following explains the most likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Radial tunnel syndrome

      Correct Answer: Cubital tunnel syndrome

      Explanation:

      Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that involves pressure or stretching of the ulnar nerve (also known as the “funny bone” nerve), which can cause numbness or tingling in the 4th and 5th digit, pain in the forearm, and/or weakness in the hand. Epicondylitis of the elbow is a condition associated with repetitive forearm and elbow activities. Both lateral epicondylitis (commonly known as tennis elbow) and medial epicondylitis (commonly known as golfer’s elbow) are characterized by elbow pain during or following elbow flexion and extension. Radial tunnel syndrome is a set of symptoms that include fatigue or a dull, aching pain at the top of the forearm with use. Although less common, symptoms can also occur at the back of the hand or wrist.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Connective Tissue
      • Medicine
      33.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A 50-year-old hypertensive male on phenytoin and clobazam for partial seizures is also...

    Incorrect

    • A 50-year-old hypertensive male on phenytoin and clobazam for partial seizures is also taking lisinopril, cimetidine, sucralfate, and allopurinol. The last few drugs were added recently. He now presents with ataxia, slurred speech, and blurred vision.Which recently added drug is most likely to be the cause of his latest symptoms?

      Your Answer: Clobazam

      Correct Answer: Cimetidine

      Explanation:

      The symptoms of ataxia, slurred speech and blurred vision are all suggestive of phenytoin toxicity. Cimetidine increases the efficacy of phenytoin by reducing its hepatic metabolism.Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index (10-20 mg/L) and its levels are monitored by measuring the total phenytoin concentration.Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. It acts by decreasing gastric acid secretion.Cimetidine also has an inhibitory effect on several isoforms of the cytochrome enzyme system including the CYP450 enzymatic pathway. Phenytoin is metabolized by the same cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the liver. Thus, the simultaneous administration of both these medications leads to an inhibition of phenytoin metabolism and thus increases its circulating levels leading to phenytoin toxicity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Pharmacology
      37.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following best describe Clostridium infection? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following best describe Clostridium infection?

      Your Answer: Gram negative cocci

      Correct Answer: Anaerobe

      Explanation:

      Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. The normal, reproducing cells of Clostridium, called the vegetative form, are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek κλωστήρ or spindle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infectious Diseases
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Approximately what percentage of the world is infected with tuberculosis: ...

    Incorrect

    • Approximately what percentage of the world is infected with tuberculosis:

      Your Answer: 15%

      Correct Answer: 25%

      Explanation:

      The WHO report states that about one-quarter of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. This means approximately 25% of people globally have latent TB infection, which can potentially progress to active TB disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infectious Diseases
      • Medicine
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The effects of β1 stimulation include the following ...

    Incorrect

    • The effects of β1 stimulation include the following

      Your Answer: Only a and b are correct

      Correct Answer: Increased strength of contraction

      Explanation:

      β1 stimulation include the phosphorylation of L type Ca++ channels and phospholamban and increased Ca++ influx from myocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - In addition to its role in digestion and absorption of fats, bile: ...

    Correct

    • In addition to its role in digestion and absorption of fats, bile:

      Your Answer: Is the major excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products

      Explanation:

      The end product of haem metabolism is bilirubin and jaundice is caused by increased bilirubin levels in the blood. Gallstones are mainly caused by cholesterol and bile pigments. Bile is the main route of excretion for lipid soluble waste products whereas urine is the main route of excretion of water soluble waste products.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each...

    Incorrect

    • The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each year is:

      Your Answer: 10 per 1000

      Correct Answer: 1 per 1000

      Explanation:

      About 1 in 1000 adults per year has DVT, but as of 2011, available data is dominated by North American and European populations. DVT is rare in children, with an incidence of about 1 in 100,000 a year. From childhood to old age, incidence increases by a factor of about 1000, with almost 1% of the elderly experiencing DVTs yearly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body)...

    Correct

    • The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body) per unit time is = (the arterial level - the venous level) * the blood flow. This statement describes?

      Your Answer: The Fick principle

      Explanation:

      The essence of the Fick principle is that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:- Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time- Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ- Concentration of marker substance in venous blood leaving the organ

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Intermediate filaments achieve cell to cell contact via: ...

    Incorrect

    • Intermediate filaments achieve cell to cell contact via:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Correct Answer: Desmosomes

      Explanation:

      At the plasma membrane, some keratins interact with desmosomes (cell-cell adhesion) and hemidesmosomes (cell-matrix adhesion) via adapter proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Biology
      • Medicine
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which enzyme is deficient in the inborn error of metabolism called galactosemia? ...

    Correct

    • Which enzyme is deficient in the inborn error of metabolism called galactosemia?

      Your Answer: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

      Explanation:

      Galactosaemia is a rare genetic autosomal recessive metabolic disorder. Lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for further metabolism of galactose (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate in various tissues.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Metabolism
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The hippocampus is involved in the memory of: ...

    Incorrect

    • The hippocampus is involved in the memory of:

      Your Answer: Habituation

      Correct Answer: Facts

      Explanation:

      The hippocampus plays an important role in forming new memories about experienced events. Some researchers say that hippocampus plays a major role in declarative memory for example memory of facts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following involving the scalp may produce alopecia (hair loss)? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following involving the scalp may produce alopecia (hair loss)?

      Your Answer: Discoid lupus erythematosus

      Explanation:

      Causes of hair loss include:

      • Dissecting cellulitis
      • Fungal infections (such as tinea capitis)
      • Folliculitis
      • Secondary syphilis
      • Demodex folliculorum
      • Lupus erythematosus (hair loss may be permanent due to scarring of the hair follicles).

      Psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis commonly involve the scalp but do not produce hair loss.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Dermatology
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Endothelial cells produce the following substance(s): ...

    Correct

    • Endothelial cells produce the following substance(s):

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Endothelial cells produce thromboxane, prostacyclins, nitric oxides, endothelins, IL-1 and TNF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin (CCK): ...

    Correct

    • Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin (CCK):

      Your Answer: It causes gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Explanation:

      CCK has a primary action of increasing the motility of the gallbladder by contracting the muscles in the mucosa of the gall bladder. Apart from this, it augments the action of secretin, resulting in the production of an alkaline pancreatic juice. It increases the synthesis of enterokinase, inhibits gastric emptying and may also enhance the motility of the small intestine and colon. It is released (secreted) by your small intestine during the digestive process. It’s sometimes called pancreozymin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.3
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed...

    Incorrect

    • The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed for ATP production. These proteins are also essential for:

      Your Answer: Krebs cycle

      Correct Answer: Apoptotic cell death

      Explanation:

      The intrinsic pathway or the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is activated due to the loss of BCL-2 and other antiapoptotic proteins. This loss results in the increased membrane permeability and release of cytochrome C which activates caspases downstream resulting in apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      9.5
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - A 71-year-old woman residing in a nursing home for a couple of years...

    Correct

    • A 71-year-old woman residing in a nursing home for a couple of years complains of drooling of saliva and sudden difficulty in swallowing while eating. She is a known hypertensive on treatment. What would be your next step?

      Your Answer: Endoscopy

      Explanation:

      Dysphagia or difficulty in swallowing. Endoscopy allows for visual examination of the oesophagus and is indicated in patients with dysphagia to determine the underlying aetiology, exclude malignant and premalignant conditions, assess the need for therapy, and perform therapy including dilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Geriatrics
      • Medicine
      13.2
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following is a precursor to the tissue macrophage? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a precursor to the tissue macrophage?

      Your Answer: Monocyte

      Explanation:

      Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, or leukocyte. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

      Your Answer: Colipase

      Correct Answer: Pepsinogen 1

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin.Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a proteinSeveral elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.Sterol esterasePhospholipaseSeveral nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNase and RNase.Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The a-wave is created by: ...

    Incorrect

    • The a-wave is created by:

      Your Answer: Rise in atrial pressure before the tricuspid valve opens

      Correct Answer: Regurgitation of some blood to the great veins when the atria contracts in atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The a-wave created on the venous pulse curve occurs as a result of atrial systole. Due to the pressure build-up in the atria, it causes a back pressure in the vena cava. This pressure is exerted on the valve and this back pressure is what causes a slight increase in the venous pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - What is the isolated effect of B2 stimulation on the coronaries? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the isolated effect of B2 stimulation on the coronaries?

      Your Answer: Local vasospasm

      Correct Answer: Vasodilatation

      Explanation:

      Norepinephrine and epinephrine are agonists for all adrenergic receptor subtypes, although with varying affinities. Based on their physiology and pharmacology, adrenergic receptors have been divided into two principal types: alpha and beta. These types have been further differentiated into alpha-1, alpha-2, b1, and b2 receptors.

      Alpha-1 Receptors are located on postsynaptic cells in smooth muscle and elicit vasoconstriction.

      Alpha-2 receptors are localized on presynaptic membranes of postganglionic nerve terminals that synthesize norepinephrine. When activated by catecholamines, alpha-2 receptors act as negative feedback controllers, inhibiting further norepinephrine release.

      Activation of myocardial b1 receptors stimulates the rate and strength of cardiac contraction, and consequently increases cardiac output. b1 Receptor activation also stimulates renin release from the kidney. Another class of antihypertensive agents acts by inhibiting b1 receptors.

      Activation of b2 receptors by epinephrine relaxes vascular smooth muscle and results in vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - In a patient with prostate cancer, what is the mechanism by which goserelin...

    Incorrect

    • In a patient with prostate cancer, what is the mechanism by which goserelin acts?

      Your Answer: GnRH antagonist

      Correct Answer: GnRH agonist

      Explanation:

      Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer:Goserelin (Zoladex) is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue; chronic stimulation of goserelin results in suppression of LH, FSH serum levels thereby preventing a rise in testosterone.Dosage form: 3.6 mg/10.8mg implants.Adverse effects include flushing, sweating, diarrhoea, erectile dysfunction, less commonly, rash, depression, hypersensitivity, etc.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Pharmacology
      9.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The brainstem contains which of the following structures? ...

    Correct

    • The brainstem contains which of the following structures?

      Your Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla

      Explanation:

      Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.8
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?...

    Incorrect

    • Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?

      Your Answer: 85 ml

      Correct Answer: 70 ml

      Explanation:

      The stroke volume of an average sized man who is lying is the supine position is about 70 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - With regard to the spleen which of the following has the correct match?...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to the spleen which of the following has the correct match?

      Your Answer: Splenic cords - white pulp

      Correct Answer: Periarteriolar lymphoid sheets - T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      The spleen consists of:Red pulp – responsible for mechanical filtration of red blood cells. Red pulp contains sinusoids, which are filled with blood, splenic cords of reticular fibers and a marginal zoneWhite pulp – responsible for active immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways. Composed of nodules, called Malpighian corpuscles. These are composed of: lymphoid follicles, rich in B-lymphocytes and periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, rich in T-lymphocytes

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      1.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (12/30) 40%
Respiratory (1/1) 100%
Cell Biology (1/3) 33%
Infectious Diseases (1/3) 33%
Connective Tissue (1/2) 50%
Genetics (0/2) 0%
Pharmacology (0/2) 0%
Cardiovascular (2/7) 29%
Gastrointestinal (2/3) 67%
Metabolism (1/1) 100%
Neurology (0/2) 0%
Dermatology (1/1) 100%
Geriatrics (1/1) 100%
Haematology (1/2) 50%
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