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  • Question 1 - Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?

      Your Answer: Spinal cord

      Explanation:

      The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…? ...

    Correct

    • Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…?

      Your Answer: Trigeminal nerve

      Explanation:

      The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers carry impulses from viscera to the central nervous system. The cranial nerves that contain GVA fibers include the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with: ...

    Correct

    • The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with:

      Your Answer: Mesothelial cells

      Explanation:

      The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial and much thicker dura mater and the deeper pia mater, from which it is separated by the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid mater consists of a subdural mesothelial layer and a compact central layer

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided? ...

    Correct

    • Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided?

      Your Answer: 3

      Explanation:

      The functional division of the cerebellum are the: Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe), Spinocerebellum (vermis and associated areas in the midline) and cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called: ...

    Correct

    • An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called:

      Your Answer: Hyperalgesia

      Explanation:

      Allodynia is sensation of pain following non-painful stimulation.
      Hyperalgesia is enhanced intensity of pain sensation.
      Causalgia is a constant burning pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury.
      Hyperesthesia is the abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of sense.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Salty taste is triggered by: ...

    Correct

    • Salty taste is triggered by:

      Your Answer: Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel

      Explanation:

      Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels also known as epithelial Na channels is a membrane bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to Na+ ions. These channels are located throughout different epithelial membranes in the body. It is found in taste receptor cells, where it plays an important role in salt taste perception. They are also located in the kidney, the lung and the colon. Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) voltage-gated ion channels are widely seen in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and brain regions that underlie the generation of both focal and generalized-onset seizures. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRs) perform a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are involved in learning, memory, anxiety, and the perception of pain. Gustducin is a G protein associated with taste and gustatory system. It plays a major role in sensation of bitter, sweet and umami stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle: ...

    Correct

    • Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle:

      Your Answer: Are mainly ventral spinocerebellar tracts from the cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus

      Explanation:

      There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      75.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Wernicke’s area: ...

    Incorrect

    • Wernicke’s area:

      Your Answer: Is concerned with fine tuning detailed and coordinated patterns for vocalization

      Correct Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the:

      Your Answer: Spinothalamic tractus

      Correct Answer: Neospinothalamic tract

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tract is an ascending or a sensory tract, responsible for transmission of pain and temperature. The neospinothalamic tract is responsible for fast pain or discriminative pain whereas the palaeospinothalamic tract is responsible for transmission of slow pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Sequence of events in formation of speech are: ...

    Correct

    • Sequence of events in formation of speech are:

      Your Answer: Wernicke’s area---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---insula---motor cortex---speech

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language. Firstly, the language is accessed in the Wernicke’s area and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area, where instructions for articulation is generated. This is then sent from Broca’s are to the motor cortex for the articulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Visual pathways - Choose the true statement: ...

    Correct

    • Visual pathways - Choose the true statement:

      Your Answer: The lateral geniculate nucleus, magnocellular & parvocellular pathways project to the primary visual cortex

      Explanation:

      The optic chiasm is made by the decussation of optic fibers on the nasal side. The magnocellular pathway carries signals for detection of movement. The parvocellular pathway carries cells for detection of shape, size, colour and clarity. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the relay centre in the thalamus for he visual pathway. It has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      63.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - In Argyll Robertson pupils… ...

    Incorrect

    • In Argyll Robertson pupils…

      Your Answer: May be a sign of diabetic neuropathy

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:...

    Correct

    • The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:

      Your Answer: Sensory input from the semi-circular canal (CN VIII)

      Explanation:

      Located in the brain stem is a series of purely sensory nuclei known as tractus solitaries. Inputs of the nucleus tractus solitaries include:
      Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis).
      Sensory information from the ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve).
      Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus nerve.
      Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      85.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The primary auditory cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The primary auditory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 41

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:
      Primary Sensory 3,1,2
      Primary Motor 4
      Premotor 6
      Primary Visual 17
      Primary Auditory 41
      Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following associations is false? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following associations is false?

      Your Answer: Maxillary nerve – foramen rotundum

      Correct Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum

      Explanation:

      – The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate
      – The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum
      – The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen
      – The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale
      – The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Where is the M1 receptor mainly found? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the M1 receptor mainly found?

      Your Answer: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

      Explanation:

      M1 receptors are found in the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The brainstem contains which of the following structures? ...

    Correct

    • The brainstem contains which of the following structures?

      Your Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla

      Explanation:

      Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      All the above are true for the formation of CSF

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      17.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - A lesion that interrupts one optic nerve causes blindness: ...

    Correct

    • A lesion that interrupts one optic nerve causes blindness:

      Your Answer: In the eye on the same side as the optic nerve

      Explanation:

      The optic nerve on each side contains medial and lateral fibers originating from the retina. Medial fibers cross at the optic chiasm and become the optic tract ending in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. If there is a lesion interrupting the “optic nerve” on one side, the same side eye will be completely blind.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      50.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?

      Your Answer: Α1 receptor

      Correct Answer: Α2 receptor

      Explanation:

      Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei… ...

    Correct

    • Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei…

      Your Answer: Are the emboliform and globose nuclei in the paravermis

      Explanation:

      The interposed nuclei are a part of deep cerebellar complex and are composed of the globose nucleus and the emboliform nucleus. It receives afferent fibers from the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and sends output via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is:

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers: the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement. They release a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions thereby reducing transmission of impulses. These inhibitory functions enable purkinje cells to regulate and coordinate motor movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly? ...

    Correct

    • The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly?

      Your Answer: C fibers

      Explanation:

      According to Erlanger- Grasser classification preganglionic fibers are B fibers whereas post ganglionic fibers are C fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar...

    Correct

    • The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar cortex?

      Your Answer: Purkinje

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers. The molecular layer, the granule cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle. The Purkinje cells project into the deep cerebellar nuclei. They are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter? ...

    Incorrect

    • The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?...

    Incorrect

    • Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?

      Your Answer: Complete blindness of left eye

      Correct Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract.
      Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve.
      Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion.
      Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area.
      Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Correct

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      14.9
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by? ...

    Correct

    • Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by?

      Your Answer: Oligodendrocytes

      Explanation:

      CNS myelin is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin is produced by Schwann cells. The two types of myelin are chemically different, but they both perform the same function — to promote efficient transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - In anterograde transport, dynein proteins transmit polypeptides/proteins in which format? ...

    Correct

    • In anterograde transport, dynein proteins transmit polypeptides/proteins in which format?

      Your Answer: In both of the above pathways

      Explanation:

      The majority of axonal proteins are synthesised in the cell body and transported along the axons. Microtubules run along the length of the axon and provide tracks for transportation. Kinesin and Dynein are motor proteins that transport proteins and other organelles. Kinesin moves forward or anterograde transport from cell body to axon, whereas Dynein moves retrograde from axon to cell body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?...

    Correct

    • The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?

      Your Answer: Tela choroidea

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It consists of modified ependymal cells. Tela choroidea is a region of pia mater of the meninges and underlying ependyma that’s a part of the choroid plexus. It is a very thin layer of the connective tissue of pia mater that overlies and covers the ependyma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      4.5
      Seconds

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Neuro-anatomy (22/30) 73%
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