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  • Question 1 - The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the:

      Your Answer: Juxtamedullary cortex

      Correct Answer: Papillary tip of the medulla

      Explanation:

      The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      3527.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?

      Your Answer: Decreased creatinine

      Explanation:

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in kidney and ureter size. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly increases by 50%, returning to normal around 20 weeks postpartum. Plasma sodium does not change because this is offset by the increase in GFR. There is decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and potentially glucosuria (due to saturated tubular reabsorption).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the...

    Incorrect

    • In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:

      Your Answer: 32l, 6l, 4l

      Correct Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l

      Explanation:

      In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      28.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Incorrect

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Afferent arteriolar cells

      Correct Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      193.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to...

    Incorrect

    • An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the subsequent production of NH4 is called?

      Your Answer: Glutamic reductase

      Correct Answer: Glutaminase

      Explanation:

      Glutaminase catalyses the following reaction:Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the? ...

    Correct

    • Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the?

      Your Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered proteins, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule. Only ,1% is left in the final urine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per...

    Correct

    • If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per unit time, and PA = arterial plasma level of A, renal clearance of A is equal to?

      Your Answer: (UA x V)/PA

      Explanation:

      Renal clearance = [Urine concentration (UA) x Urine flow (V)]/[Plasma concentration (PA)]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      29.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are: ...

    Incorrect

    • In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are:

      Your Answer: Cl-, HCO3-, Proteins-

      Correct Answer: Proteins-, HCO3-, Cl-,

      Explanation:

      Anions are negatively charged ions and include: chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions. Chloride it the most abundant anion followed by bicarbonate and then protein anions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      29.3
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…? ...

    Incorrect

    • Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…?

      Your Answer: Primary active transport

      Correct Answer: Secondary active transport

      Explanation:

      Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      70.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Hypokalaemia

      Correct Answer: Angiotensin 2

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      27.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion?

      Your Answer: No net effect

      Correct Answer: Markedly increased Na+ excretion 

      Explanation:

      Osmotic diuresis is the increase of urination rate caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys. The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance). The substances cause an increase in the osmotic pressure within the tubule, causing retention of water within the lumen, and thus reduces the reabsorption of water, increasing urine output (i.e. diuresis). Sodium, chloride, potassium are markedly excreted in osmotic diuresis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      52
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?

      Your Answer: Collecting ducts

      Correct Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide. Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      20.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a...

    Correct

    • Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a 55 year old male who weighs 75kg and has a serum creatinine of 150mg/dL?

      Your Answer: 0.59ml/min

      Explanation:

      A commonly used surrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:CCr = [(140-age) x Mass(kg)]/[72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)](multiply by 0.85 for women)Therefore CCr = (85 x 75)/(72 x 150) = 0.59

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - What is the most important determinant of ECF volume? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?

      Your Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF

      Explanation:

      The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - ADH causes? ...

    Incorrect

    • ADH causes?

      Your Answer: Upregulates aquaporin 1

      Correct Answer: Increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin (ADH) has three main effects:1. Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine.2. Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters.3. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      29.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+? ...

    Incorrect

    • How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+?

      Your Answer: N+/ Bicarbonate pump.

      Correct Answer: Via Na+/H+ antiporter.

      Explanation:

      H+ secretion from cells across the luminal membrane is mostly in exchange for Na+ ions, and to a small extent, through a proton ATPase. Secreted H+ react with filtered HC03- to form H2CO3.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      15.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Incorrect

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Afferent arteriolar cells

      Correct Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels: ...

    Incorrect

    • The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels:

      Your Answer: T12 – L2

      Correct Answer: T12 – L3

      Explanation:

      The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney. The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right is slightly lower.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed?

      Your Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule.

      Correct Answer: Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle.

      Explanation:

      Although the majority of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed within the ascending loop of Henle, it is now recognized that the distal tubule also plays an important role in magnesium conservation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      1.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - An effect of aging on the kidney includes? ...

    Incorrect

    • An effect of aging on the kidney includes?

      Your Answer: Increased renal size

      Correct Answer: Decreased GFR

      Explanation:

      The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100 to 130 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90 to 120 ml/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min per year.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      1.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (9/20) 45%
Renal (9/20) 45%
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