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  • Question 1 - Oxytocin causes increased myometrial contractions via which of the following messenger pathways? ...

    Correct

    • Oxytocin causes increased myometrial contractions via which of the following messenger pathways?

      Your Answer: Activates phospholipase-C which produces IP3 which triggers intracellular Calcium ion release

      Explanation:

      Oxytocin activates phospholipase C to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores. There are thought to be other mechanisms by which myometrium is stimulated by Oxytocin including increased sensitisation of the myometrium and increased calcium entry into cells. cAMP and Protein Kinase A inhibit myometrial contractility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      106.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What percentage of children does delayed puberty occur in? ...

    Incorrect

    • What percentage of children does delayed puberty occur in?

      Your Answer: 1%

      Correct Answer: 3%

      Explanation:

      Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of breast development in girls beyond the age of 13, and the absence of testicular development in boys beyond the age of 14. The incidence of delayed puberty is 3%, with the condition being more common in boys.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where is Glucagon produced? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is Glucagon produced?

      Your Answer: Islet delta cells

      Correct Answer: Islet alpha cells

      Explanation:

      The alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for the production and secretion of glucagon. The B cells secrete insulin, the D cells secrete somatostatin, and the F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The B cells, which are the most common and account for 60–75% of the cells in the islets, are generally located in the centre of each islet.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      16
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) is structurally similar to which of the following hormones?...

    Correct

    • Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) is structurally similar to which of the following hormones?

      Your Answer: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

      Explanation:

      TSH, FSH, LH and HCG are all similar glycoproteins. These hormones consist of a common α-subunit and specific β-subunit. All are glycosylated, which determines their bioactivity and half-life.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following changes would you expect in pregnancy? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following changes would you expect in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Decreased TSH Increased Total T3 and T4

      Explanation:

      Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has thyrotrophic activity owing to subunit homology with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and maternal TSH production is suppressed during the first trimester of pregnancy, when hCG levels are highest. The TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is reduced during the first trimester but returns to normal after this. Thyroid binding globulin increases in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy and reaches a plateau by 20 weeks. This leads to increased production of total T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Placental production of hPL, hCG, Oestrogen and Progesterone are examples of which type...

    Correct

    • Placental production of hPL, hCG, Oestrogen and Progesterone are examples of which type of mechanism

      Your Answer: Endocrine

      Explanation:

      Endocrine hormones are released from their site of origin and travel through the blood to act on other distant target organs. Autocrine hormones act within the same cell and exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 32 year old woman with a 6 month history of fatigue and...

    Incorrect

    • A 32 year old woman with a 6 month history of fatigue and some weight gain reports to clinic for a review. Her medical records show evidence of hypothyroidism. On examination, a non tender, hard goitre is palpated. Further tests reveal elevated anti TPO (anti thyroid peroxidase) and anti -Tg (anti thyroglobulin). Which of the following conditions is most likely to present like this?

      Your Answer: De Quervain's thyroiditis

      Correct Answer: Hashimoto's

      Explanation:

      The case presented points to a diagnosis of an autoimmune thyroiditis leading to hypothyroidism. The most common form of autoimmune hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s, often presents with a goitre, positive for antibody tests against thyroid components i.e. anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin. Graves disease and toxic diffuse goitre are more likely to cause hyperthyroidism. While De-Quervain’s and endemic goitre may cause hypothyroidism, they don’t result in positive antibody tests.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      30
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following Oestrogens (Oestrogens) becomes the predominant circulating oestrogen during pregnancy?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following Oestrogens (Oestrogens) becomes the predominant circulating oestrogen during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Estriol

      Explanation:

      Oestradiol is the predominant form of oestrogen during the reproductive life of a female. The estrogenic potency of oestradiol is 12 times more than estrone and 80 times that of estriol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - What is the definition of premature menopause? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the definition of premature menopause?

      Your Answer: Menopause at or before 45 years of age

      Correct Answer: Menopause at or before 40 years of age

      Explanation:

      Menopause is defined as the cessation of menstruation for a period of 12 months. Premature menopause is defined as cessation of menstruation before the age of 40.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The source of progesterone that maintains the pregnancy during early 1st trimester: ...

    Correct

    • The source of progesterone that maintains the pregnancy during early 1st trimester:

      Your Answer: Corpus luteum

      Explanation:

      In early pregnancy Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum.. This organ is fundamental for pregnancy maintenance until the placenta (syncytiotrophoblast) takes over its function at the 7-9th week of gestation, just after the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens is suppressed in extra-embryonic fetal tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - All of the following are autosomal recessive conditions EXCEPT which one? ...

    Correct

    • All of the following are autosomal recessive conditions EXCEPT which one?

      Your Answer: Osteogenesis Imperfecta

      Explanation:

      Osteogenesis imperfect is an autosomal dominant condition. All the rest of the options are autosomal recessive conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is the primary source of oestrogen ? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the primary source of oestrogen ?

      Your Answer: Granulosa cells

      Explanation:

      Ovarian granulosa cells (GC) are the major source of oestradiol synthesis. Induced by the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, cells of the theca and, in particular, of the granulosa cell layer profoundly change their morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics and form the progesterone-producing corpus luteum that is responsible for maintaining pregnancy. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of: ...

    Correct

    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of:

      Your Answer: Luteinizing hormone

      Explanation:

      Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      14.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The ovaries produce androgen and progesterone. What is the common precursor for both...

    Correct

    • The ovaries produce androgen and progesterone. What is the common precursor for both of these hormones?

      Your Answer: Cholesterol

      Explanation:

      Both the female hormones, namely progesterone and oestrogen as well as the male hormones or androgens are lipid soluble. The common precursor of these is cholesterol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - During the menstrual cycle which hormone typically reaches its peak level on day...

    Correct

    • During the menstrual cycle which hormone typically reaches its peak level on day 21 (assuming a 28 day cycle)?

      Your Answer: Progesterone

      Explanation:

      LH, FSH and Oestrogen have their peaks just before ovulation on day 14 whereas progesterone peaks around day 21.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Oxytocin causes increased myometrial contraction via which of the following messenger pathways? ...

    Correct

    • Oxytocin causes increased myometrial contraction via which of the following messenger pathways?

      Your Answer: Activates phospholipase-C which produces IP3 which triggers intracellular Calcium ion release

      Explanation:

      Oxytocin acts via the G protein receptors and the calcium-calmodulin complex. It activates phospholipase C which produces IP3 to further trigger the calcium-calmodulin complex increasing intracellular Ca ion release.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      20.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) typically follows which pattern of inheritance ...

    Correct

    • Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) typically follows which pattern of inheritance

      Your Answer: Autosomal Dominant

      Explanation:

      Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can either be autosomal dominant or recessive. The autosomal dominant variant is more common in adult PKD however, the recessive pattern is more common in infantile PKD.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In girls what is the first sign of puberty? ...

    Correct

    • In girls what is the first sign of puberty?

      Your Answer: Breast development

      Explanation:

      The first sign of puberty in females is the development of breasts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Maternal blood flow through the uterine artery at term is approximately ...

    Correct

    • Maternal blood flow through the uterine artery at term is approximately

      Your Answer: 750ml/min

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood distributed to the intervillous spaces of the placentae, and 20 per cent to the uterine myometrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following inhibit Glucagon? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following inhibit Glucagon?

      Your Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Correct Answer: Uraemia

      Explanation:

      Glucagon release is inhibited by increased blood glucose, ketones, free fatty
      acids, insulin, raised urea levels and somatostatin. Glucagon is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas and increases the plasma glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Beta and Delta Thalassemia are associated with abnormalities to which chromosome ...

    Correct

    • Beta and Delta Thalassemia are associated with abnormalities to which chromosome

      Your Answer: Chromosome 11

      Explanation:

      Fetal haemoglobin (HBF) is the main haemoglobin type in the foetus and persists after birth for around 6 months. Fetal haemoglobin is composed of two alpha and two gamma subunits The alpha globulin chain is coded for by genes on Chromosome 16. Alpha Thalassemia are therefore associated with Chromosome16 defects The beta and delta globulin chains are coded for by genes on Chromosome 11. Beta and Delta Thalassemia are therefore associated with Chromosome 11 Defects

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following drugs is associated with reduced milk production whilst breastfeeding?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following drugs is associated with reduced milk production whilst breastfeeding?

      Your Answer: Cabergoline

      Explanation:

      Domperidone and metoclopramide are D2 dopamine receptor antagonists. They are primarily used to promote gastric motility. They are also known as galactagogues and they promote the production of milk. Cabergoline and bromocriptine are prolactin inhibitors and they reduce milk production.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      4.9
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - A patient with amenorrhoea is seen in clinic. History and examination reveal the...

    Correct

    • A patient with amenorrhoea is seen in clinic. History and examination reveal the patient runs 10-20 miles every day and her BMI is 17.8. Which of the following is likely to explain her symptoms?

      Your Answer: WHO type I Ovulation Disorders

      Explanation:

      World Health Organization (WHO) Group I ovulation disorder is due to hypothalamic pituitary failure. This is sometimes termed hypothalamic amenorrhoea or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Women can improve frequency of ovulation, conception and an uncomplicated pregnancy by increasing their body weight (if BMI of <19) and/or moderating their exercise levels (if they undertake high levels of exercise). GnRH and LH may be administered in these patients. PCOS falls under type II ovulation disorders. WHO Group III ovulation disorder is due to ovarian failure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      31.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Regarding placental anatomy: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding placental anatomy:

      Your Answer: Anatomically the placenta is fully formed by 30 weeks

      Correct Answer: Fetal blood vessels develop in the mesenchymal core of the chorionic villi

      Explanation:

      The chorionic plate represents the fetal surface of the placenta, which in turn is covered by the amnion. The amnion is composed of a single layered epithelium and the amnionic mesenchyme, an avascular connective tissue. The amnionic mesenchyme is only weakly attached to the chorionic mesenchyme and can easily be removed from the delivered placenta. The chorionic mesenchyme contains the chorionic vessels that are continuous with the vessels of the umbilical cord. Within the mesoderm of secondary villi, haematopoietic progenitor cells develop and start to differentiate. At about day 20 post-conception, first placental blood cells and endothelial cells develop independent of the vascular system of the embryo proper.13 14 The development of first placental vessels transforms the respective villi into tertiary villi.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      33.5
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Aromatase is key to Oestradiol production in the ovaries. Which of the following...

    Incorrect

    • Aromatase is key to Oestradiol production in the ovaries. Which of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: LH induces the theca cells to make aromatase

      Correct Answer: FSH induces the granulosa cells to make aromatase

      Explanation:

      The two main cell types of the ovaries:
      1. The theca cells produce androgen in the form of androstenedione. The theca cells are not able to convert androgen to oestradiol themselves. The produced androgen is therefore taken up by granulosa cells.
      2. The neighbouring granulosa cells then convert the androgen into oestradiol under the enzymatic action of aromatase FSH induces the granulosa cells to produce aromatase for this purpose

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      33.9
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The ovaries produce androgen and progesterone. What is the common precursor for both...

    Correct

    • The ovaries produce androgen and progesterone. What is the common precursor for both of these hormones?

      Your Answer: Cholesterol

      Explanation:

      Cholesterol is the common precursor for progesterone and androgen production.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Where is fetal DHEA produced? ...

    Correct

    • Where is fetal DHEA produced?

      Your Answer: Adrenals

      Explanation:

      DHEA is formed in the mother’s adrenal gland as well as the fetal adrenal glands. These weak androgens are transported by the blood to the placenta and are converted into oestradiol, estrone and estriol in the trophoblast.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following statements regarding progesterone production in the ovary is true?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements regarding progesterone production in the ovary is true?

      Your Answer: Synthesised from cholesterol by Luteal cells

      Explanation:

      After the release of the oocyte, the theca and the granulosa cells form the corpus luteum which undergoes extensive vascularization for continued steroidogenesis. Progesterone is secreted by the luteal cells and is synthesized from cholesterol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      15.8
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - At ovulation the surge in LH causes rupture of the mature oocyte via...

    Incorrect

    • At ovulation the surge in LH causes rupture of the mature oocyte via action on what?

      Your Answer: Theca interna

      Correct Answer: Theca externa

      Explanation:

      The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during ovulation causes: Increases cAMP resulting in increased progesterone and PGF2 production PGF2 causes contraction of theca externa smooth muscle cells resulting in rupture of the mature oocyte

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      17.1
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What is the definition of puberty in girls? ...

    Correct

    • What is the definition of puberty in girls?

      Your Answer: Becoming capable of sexual reproduction

      Explanation:

      Puberty is the process of reproductive and sexual development and the maturation which changes a child into an adult.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      191.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrinology (22/30) 73%
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