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  • Question 1 - In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact...

    Incorrect

    • In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact modified forms of which cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Astrocytes

      Explanation:

      Pituicytes are glial cells present in the pars nervosa, the posterior pituitary gland. Their irregular shape resembles that of astrocytes, and their cytoplasm also has intermediate filaments. They differ from astrocytes in that they have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the flowing plasma proteins has the greatest affinity for T4? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the flowing plasma proteins has the greatest affinity for T4?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Albumin

      Explanation:

      There are three principal plasma thyroid hormone-binding proteins, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (TTR), and albumin. Albumin promotes a quick exchange of T4 with its target tissues, due to its fast release of the hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Growth hormone deficiency causes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Growth hormone deficiency causes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Decreased epiphyseal growth

      Explanation:

      Growth hormone deficiency is caused by conditions affecting the pituitary gland, such as tumours. Its effects depend on the age of the patient: in infancy and childhood, growth failure is most likely to occur. The epiphyseal plate is the area in long bones where growth occurs, and it is the area affected by growth hormone deficiency. Poor growth/shortness is the main symptom of GH deficiency in children, usually resulting in growth at about half the usual rate for age.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The net effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The net effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increase in Ca, decrease in phosphate

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid hormone’s main target organs are the kidneys, bone, and intestine. In the kidney, it decreases reabsorption of phosphate and increases calcium reabsorption. It also promotes absorption of calcium from bone. PTH release results in a small drop in serum phosphate concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 5α-reductase

      Explanation:

      The enzyme 5α-reductase synthesizes DHT from testosterone in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands. This enzyme reduces the 4,5 double-bond of the testosterone. Relative to testosterone, DHT is much more potent as an agonist of the androgen receptor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: LH

      Explanation:

      Luteinizing hormone or LH is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Studies have shown surges in LH levels during menopausal hot flushes, suggesting that a pulsatile release of LH is responsible for increased hypothalamic norepinephrine activity, causing the hot flushes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by...

    Incorrect

    • The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by follicles resembling which human gland?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thyroid

      Explanation:

      The cells located between the two main pituitary lobes form what is known as the intermediate pituitary. This area secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone and it is only a few cell layers thick. It is rich in follicles filled with colloid, and lined by basophilic cells. This configuration resembles that of another important gland: the thyroid.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
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  • Question 8 - Which of the following is not a feature of Liddle’s syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not a feature of Liddle’s syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Autosomal recessive inheritance

      Explanation:

      Liddle’s syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone. Liddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium-sparing diuretic drugs (e.g., amiloride).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 9 - In the absence of insulin: ...

    Incorrect

    • In the absence of insulin:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Glucose uptake by most of the brain is normal

      Explanation:

      Although it is known that insulin levels affect glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in peripheral tissues, its role in the brain isn’t as clear. However, studies have shown that bulk brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin. Glucose transport into the neurons is GLUT3 dependent, and its transport into glia and brain endothelial cells rely on GLUT1. Insulin isn’t necessary for GLUT1 or GLUT3, which explains why brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following hormones cause negative feedback on the CRH/ACTH axis? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following hormones cause negative feedback on the CRH/ACTH axis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cortisol

      Explanation:

      The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, also known as HPA axis is a set of interactions that regulate the secretion of several hormones through negative feedback. Cortisol, for example, is produced by the adrenal cortex, binds to its receptors in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis and inhibits secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The drop in CRH secretion leads to a decrease in ACTH secretion, which in turn causes less cortisol to be secreted.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Dopamine

      Explanation:

      Dopamine has an important effect on the regulation of prolactin secretion. Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors of the lactotroph cells that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following biochemical profiles is seen in a normal 65 year...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following biochemical profiles is seen in a normal 65 year old female? (in comparison to a normal 24 yr. old female)

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased FSH, LH; decreased oestrogen, progesterone

      Explanation:

      During menopause, a woman’s number of ovarian follicles becomes depleted; as a result, oestrogen and progesterone levels drop, and LH and FSH levels increase. One of the criteria to diagnose menopause is the absence of menstrual period for a year, along with a serum FSH level increased to 30 mIU/ml or higher. LH also rises with the onset of menopause.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
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  • Question 13 - Which of the following cells secrete glucagon? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cells secrete glucagon?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A cells

      Explanation:

      Glucagon counteracts hypoglycaemia and opposes insulin by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It also decreases fatty acid synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue, and promotes lipolysis. It is secreted by the pancreatic islet α-cells. Its production is regulated by the insulin produced in β-cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - What is the most abundant hormone release by the thyroid? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most abundant hormone release by the thyroid?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: T4

      Explanation:

      T3 and T4 are the two tyrosine-based hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. Although T3 is the active form of the hormone, and thus, it is much more potent; T4 is the most abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid (93% of the total thyroid secretion) and it also has a longer half life since it binds to proteins much more strongly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
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  • Question 15 - What causes increased insulin sensitivity? ...

    Incorrect

    • What causes increased insulin sensitivity?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Exercise

      Explanation:

      Physical activity, through its effect on insulin sensitivity, is one of the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that by each weekly 500 kcal increment in exercise related energy consumption, the lifetime risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes is reduced by 9%. Up to two hours after exercise, glucose uptake is elevated due to insulin independent mechanisms; however, insulin sensitivity remains increased for at least 16 hours after exercising.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sertoli cells

      Explanation:

      Müllerian inhibiting substance, also known as Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a glycoprotein hormone which prevents the development of the Müllerian ducts into the uterus. Its production by Sertoli cells continues during childhood in males and decreases after puberty.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - To which protein is T3 mostly bound in the serum? ...

    Incorrect

    • To which protein is T3 mostly bound in the serum?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Albumin

      Explanation:

      In normal man, approximately 0.03 per cent of the total serum T4, and 0.3 per cent of the total serum T3 are present in free or unbound form. The major serum thyroid hormone-binding proteins are: 1) thyroxine-binding globulin [TBG or thyropexin], 2) transthyretin [TTR or thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)], and 3) albumin (HAS, human serum albumin). TBG has highest affinity for T4, which is 50-fold higher than that of TTR and 7,000-fold higher that of HSA. As a result TBG binds 75% of serum T4, while TTR and HSA binds only 20% and 5%, respectively.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Regarding the structure of the 3 pituitary glycoprotein hormones FSH, LH, and TSH,...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the structure of the 3 pituitary glycoprotein hormones FSH, LH, and TSH, which of the following is true about the α- and β-subunits of each hormone?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Maximal physiological activity occurs only on their combination

      Explanation:

      Glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) are the most complex molecules that function as hormones. They each consist of two different subunits, α and β, which are non-covalently associated. The combination of these subunits results in an increase in their activity and β structure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
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  • Question 19 - Where is the melanocortin system located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the melanocortin system located?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The melanocortin system is a group of hormones which include hormones from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-co-expressing neurons. This system is located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; it also includes the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The system regulates energy expenditure and food intake.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - To which of the following plasma proteins is T4 most bound in plasma?...

    Incorrect

    • To which of the following plasma proteins is T4 most bound in plasma?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thyroxine-binding globulin

      Explanation:

      Thyroxine-binding globulin, also known as TBG, is one of the three transport proteins responsible for carrying T4 and T3 through the circulatory system. It carries most of the T4 present in plasma, which it binds to strongly, shielding the hydrophobic hormones from the aqueous surroundings.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following forms one of the characteristic and functional cells making...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following forms one of the characteristic and functional cells making up the anterior pituitary gland?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Corticotrope

      Explanation:

      The anterior pituitary, also known as adenohypophysis or pars anterior contains the following types of cells: – acidophil cells: somatotroph cells, which produce growth hormone; and lactotrophs, which produce prolactin- basophil cells: corticotropes, which produce adrenocorticotropic hormone; thyrotropes, which produce thyroid stimulating hormone; and – gonadotrophs, which produce luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from: ...

    Incorrect

    • The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Paracrine hormones secreted from the hypothalamus via axons.

      Explanation:

      The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis consists of a collection of axonal projections emerging from the hypothalamus. It releases hormones directly from these axonal endings into circulation; these hormones are oxytocin and vasopressin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The TSH receptor produces its effects in the thyrocyte via: ...

    Incorrect

    • The TSH receptor produces its effects in the thyrocyte via:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: G-protein coupled activation of adenylyl cyclise and phospholipase c

      Explanation:

      The thyrotropin receptor, also known as TSH receptor, responds to the thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin to stimulate production of T3 and T4. It is a G protein-coupled receptor which leads to stimulation of phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase, mediated by Gq/11 and Gs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Select the correct statement about the microanatomy of the thyroid gland. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct statement about the microanatomy of the thyroid gland.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The capillaries adjacent to thyroid cells have a fenestrated endothelium.

      Explanation:

      Fenestrated capillaries have a very thin endothelium, which is perforated by numerous fenestrations or pores. Hormones are usually released into these capillaries, reaching their target cells through the circulatory system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Insulinoma

      Explanation:

      Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer’s syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in the ‘three P’s’:Parathyroid (>90%): hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasiaPituitary (15-42%)Pancreas (60-70%, e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Chief cells

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid chief cells, also known as parathyroid principal cells or parathyroid cells, are the most prevalent type of cell in the parathyroid gland and the only ones present at birth. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following describes a principal action of insulin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following describes a principal action of insulin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Inhibition of phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes

      Explanation:

      Insulin stimulates glycolysis and lipogenesis, but inhibits gluconeogenesis. Insulin promotes the dephosphorylating of glycogen phosphorylase, therefore suppressing glycogenolysis. Insulin also inhibits FOX3, FOX4, and FOX6 and their ability to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: ß-endorphin

      Explanation:

      ß-endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide which is mainly synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland, derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Some studies have shown that immune system cells are also capable of synthesizing ß-endorphin. β-endorphin is thought to exert a tonic inhibitory influence upon GNRH secretion and to be an important regulator of reproductive function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Zona fasciculata

      Explanation:

      The zona fasciculata represents the widest area of the adrenal cortex, situated in the middle of the cortex. It produces glucocorticoids including; 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What microscopic changes are visible in an active thyroid gland? ...

    Incorrect

    • What microscopic changes are visible in an active thyroid gland?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Follicle lining cells are cuboid or columnar.

      Explanation:

      Active follicles are lined by cuboidal or columnar cells; this is because active follicles are smaller and have less colloid. Their cells are tall because they are actively secreting hormones, whereas older follicles have a flat epithelium and are filled with more colloid.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Median eminence

      Explanation:

      The hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system connects the brain to the anterior pituitary. It is made up of two capillary beds, one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary. Blood from the plexus of the median eminence is carried by portal veins, draining into the cavernous and posterior intercavernous sinuses. This system delivers hypothalamic hormones to their target cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce...

    Incorrect

    • Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce endogenous pyrogens?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Monocytes

      Explanation:

      Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharides or lipoglycans, are molecules that consist of a lipid and a polysaccharide. They bind to many cell types, but especially to monocytes, promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, acting as a pyrogen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - What is the most important way in which heat is lost from the...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most important way in which heat is lost from the body?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Radiation and conduction

      Explanation:

      The body maintains a constant core temperature by balancing heat loss and heat gain. The mechanisms of heat loss are: radiation, evaporation, convection and conduction. Out of these mechanisms, the most important under normal conditions are radiation, through which body heat is given off to the surrounding atmosphere; and conduction, in which the body releases heat into the objects it comes into contact with.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Choose the correct statement regarding trabecular bone: ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct statement regarding trabecular bone:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the options are correct

      Explanation:

      Trabecular, spongy or cancellous bone. It is located inside the cortical bone and makes up around 20% of all bone in the body. It is made of spicules or plates with a high surface to volume ratio, where many cells sit on the surface of the end plates. It receives its nutrients from the extracellular fluid (ECF), exchanging about 10 mmol of calcium every 24 hours.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Choose the most correct missing words to complete the statement: A portion of...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the most correct missing words to complete the statement: A portion of circulating growth hormone is bound to the ____ receptor and activates the ____ pathway that mediates its effect.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Growth hormone receptor (extracellular domain), jak 2stat

      Explanation:

      The growth hormone receptor is a transmembrane protein involved in the STATs, MAPK and PI3-kinase/Akt pathways. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is activated by different ligands, such as growth hormone, interferon and interleukin. This pathway is involved in the expression of genes associated with oncogenesis, immunity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Errors in these pathways can produce leukaemia’s and other myeloproliferative disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which of the following stimulates glucagon release? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimulates glucagon release?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Exercise

      Explanation:

      Studies have shown a small increase in glucagon levels during stress tests and exercise. This occurs in response to the reduction of blood glucose levels during physical activity; epinephrine levels are also a stimulus for the release of glucagon during exercise, since it suppresses insulin, which accounts for its stimulatory effects on glucagon. The use of stored fats for energy during exercise also stimulates the release of glucagon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Phosphate absorption in the proximal tubules is via which transporting molecule? ...

    Incorrect

    • Phosphate absorption in the proximal tubules is via which transporting molecule?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Na/Pi co transporter

      Explanation:

      Sodium/phosphate cotransporters are located in the renal proximal tubular brush border, and are the key elements in proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption and phosphate homeostasis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 38 - The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?...

    Incorrect

    • The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increase in Ca, increase in phosphate

      Explanation:

      Bone and its metabolism are regulated by several hormones, amongst which is vitamin D. It is heavily involved in the metabolism and homeostasis of calcium and phosphate through several processes. Vitamin D works in the intestine, kidney, bone and parathyroid glands to maintain levels of calcium and phosphate, promoting its absorption, bone resorption, and proper functioning of the parathyroid to maintain adequate serum calcium levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of glucose in ß cells?...

    Incorrect

    • Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of glucose in ß cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: GLUT 2

      Explanation:

      Glucose transporter 2, also known as GLUT2 is a transmembrane carrier protein which is not insulin dependent. It is found in the liver and the pancreatic islet ß cells, where it functions as the primary glucose transporter that allows the transfer of glucose between these organs and blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - As assessed by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, the anterior pituitary gland contains how...

    Incorrect

    • As assessed by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, the anterior pituitary gland contains how many different types of cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 7

      Explanation:

      The anterior pituitary, also known as adenohypophysis or pars anterior contains the following types of cells: – acidophil cells: somatotroph cells, which produce growth hormone; and lactotrophs, which produce prolactin- basophil cells: corticotropes, which produce adrenocorticotropic hormone; thyrotropes, which produce thyroid stimulating hormone; and – gonadotrophs, which produce luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - What is pendrin? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is pendrin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cl-/i- antiporter

      Explanation:

      Pendrin is an anion exchange transporter; it is a sodium-independent chloride-iodine exchanger which also accepts formate and bicarbonate. It is present in many different types of cells in the body, particularly the inner ear, thyroid, and kidney. Mutations in pendrin are associated with Pendred syndrome, which causes syndromic deafness and thyroid disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which of the following features is least commonly seen in Gitelman’s syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features is least commonly seen in Gitelman’s syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hypertension

      Explanation:

      Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive kidney disorder characterized by hypokalaemia metabolic alkalosis with hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. In contrast to patients with Gordon’s syndrome, those suffering from Gitelman’s syndrome are generally normotensive or hypotensive.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 43 - Periodic fevers occur in humans with mutations in the gene for pyrin. Pyrin...

    Incorrect

    • Periodic fevers occur in humans with mutations in the gene for pyrin. Pyrin is a protein found in which one of the following cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Pyrin, also known as marenostrin or TRIM20, is a protein encoded by the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, causing the autoinflammatory disease familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pyrin produces an increased sensitivity to intracellular signals. It is produced mainly in neutrophils, which display an increased ratio of cells entering apoptosis when exposed to pyrin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Where does one find the thyroid receptors? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does one find the thyroid receptors?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cell nucleus

      Explanation:

      Unlike many of the steroid receptors, inactive receptors for T3 are located in the nucleus. T4 is first converted into T3 within the cytoplasm of the cell, T3 then enters the nucleus and binds to its receptor. The hormone-receptor complex can now bind to DNA and activate specific genes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Select a factor which stimulates glucagon secretion. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select a factor which stimulates glucagon secretion.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Protein meal

      Explanation:

      Several studies have shown that glucagon levels are increased in individuals with a high protein diet. It is still debated, however, whether this type of diet affects insulin levels as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include the following except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased expression of β-myosin heavy chain gene

      Explanation:

      Tri-iodothyronine, also known as T3, is a hormone which can affect almost every system in the human body. In the heart, it increases the number of β1-adrenergic receptors, enhances the response to circulating catecholamines, increases the proportion of α-myosin heavy chains in the atria, and increases the expression of serca pump gene.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 47 - Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase in serum cortisol levels?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Severe emotional stress

      Explanation:

      Cortisol is widely known as the stress hormone. Alterations in cortisol levels have been found in relation to mood disorders, illness, trauma, pain, fear, exertion, and anxiety, amongst other stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Which of the following skin coloration abnormalities occurs due to adrenal insufficiency due...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following skin coloration abnormalities occurs due to adrenal insufficiency due to primary adrenal disease?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hyperpigmentation

      Explanation:

      Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism is an endocrine disorder. Hyperpigmentation is one of its most common signs; it occurs as a result of an increase in pro-opiomelanocortin to produce more ACTH in response to the decreased levels of cortisol. Pro-opiomelanocortin is a precursor of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates melanocytes, causing darkening of the skin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 49 - The febrile response to PGE2 will be impaired with the knockout of which...

    Incorrect

    • The febrile response to PGE2 will be impaired with the knockout of which one of the following prostaglandin receptors?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ep3

      Explanation:

      Prostaglandin EP3 receptor is a receptor for prostaglandin E2. Fever occurs as a result of the action of prostaglandin E2 and requires EP3 receptors in the preoptic area. Therefore, if there is an absence of EP3 receptors, fever caused by prostaglandin E2 will not occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 50 - A 14-year-old girl presents with short stature, webbed neck and primary amenorrhoea.Given the...

    Incorrect

    • A 14-year-old girl presents with short stature, webbed neck and primary amenorrhoea.Given the likely clinical diagnosis, which hormone replacement is most crucial over the longer term?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Oestrogen

      Explanation:

      This girl most likely has Turner syndrome (TS) also known as 45,X, a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. Often, a short and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, short stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at birth. Typically, they are without menstrual periods, do not develop breasts, and are unable to have children. Heart defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently. Most people with TS have normal intelligence. Many, however, have troubles with spatial visualization such as that needed for mathematics. Vision and hearing problems occur more often. Turner syndrome is not usually inherited from a person’s parents. No environmental risks are known and the mother’s age does not play a role. As a chromosomal condition, there is no cure for Turner syndrome. However, much can be done to minimize the symptoms including prescribing growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, and oestrogen replacement therapy which is crucial long term for maintaining good bone integrity, cardiovascular health and tissue health

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 51 - Where does the pituitary gland lie? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does the pituitary gland lie?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In a pocket of the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain

      Explanation:

      The pituitary lies in a small depression in the sphenoid bone, known as the sella turcica or Turkish saddle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 52 - Which one of the following features is least associated with primary hyperparathyroidism? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features is least associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sensory loss

      Explanation:

      The signs and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism are those of hypercalcemia. They are classically summarized by stones, bones, abdominal groans, thrones and psychiatric overtones.Stones refers to kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and diabetes insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia). These can ultimately lead to renal failure.Bones refers to bone-related complications: osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and arthritis.Abdominal groans refers to gastrointestinal symptoms of constipation, indigestion, nausea and vomiting. Hypercalcemia can lead to peptic ulcers and acute pancreatitis. Thrones refers to polyuria and constipationPsychiatric overtones refers to effects on the central nervous system. Symptoms include lethargy, fatigue, depression, memory loss, psychosis, ataxia, delirium, and coma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 53 - What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Adrenal gland

      Explanation:

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as ACTH or corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone. It is synthesized by the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary. It works by regulating the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the cortex cells in the adrenal gland. It binds to the melanocortin (MC) 2 receptors on the surface of the adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, producing cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 54 - Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would signify osteopenia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: T score of -2.2

      Explanation:

      DEXA T Scores:Normal T-score ≥ −1.0Osteopenia −2.5 < T-score < −1.0Osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5Severe osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5 with fragility fracture

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 55 - Select the correct statement regarding the macro anatomy of the thyroid gland. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct statement regarding the macro anatomy of the thyroid gland.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It surrounds the trachea at the front of the neck.

      Explanation:

      The thyroid is located around the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck. It is formed by two lobes which are connected by an isthmus. The presence of a pyramidal lobe, or third lobe, is considered to be a normal anatomical variant. It originates from the primitive pharynx and the neural crest and has a rich vascular supply.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 56 - Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter...

    Incorrect

    • Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter / channel?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: TRPV 6

      Explanation:

      Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 or TRPV 6 is a calcium channel located in the cell membrane which is present in a variety of organs, including small intestine, oesophagus, stomach, colon, placenta, kidney, and uterus. In the intestine, it is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the enterocyte, regulating the entry of calcium into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 57 - Where is thyroglobulin produced? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is thyroglobulin produced?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thyrocytes

      Explanation:

      Thyroglobulin, or Tg, is a protein that functions as the precursor to thyroid hormones. It is synthesized by thyrocytes and then secreted into the colloid. It also functions as a negative-feedback regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 58 - Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Somatotroph

      Explanation:

      Somatotroph cells are responsible for the production of growth hormone. Somatotrophs occupy nearly 40% of the total surface area of the anterior pituitary, and they are acidophilic in nature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 59 - Which of the following structures lie in close proximity to the thyroid? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structures lie in close proximity to the thyroid?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the options

      Explanation:

      The thyroid gland receives its blood supply from the inferior and superior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerves emerges from the superior thoracic outlet bounded in part by the thyroid lobe. Two pairs of parathyroid glands lie near the thyroid. The common carotid artery splits into its external and internal branches at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage; these branches are separated by the gland.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 60 - Where is leptin synthesized and secreted? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is leptin synthesized and secreted?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: White adipose tissue

      Explanation:

      Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure. It is synthetized by white adipose tissue and the gastric mucosa. It works by inhibiting the sensation of hunger, therefore, it opposes the actions of ghrelin, also known as the hunger hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 61 - Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pretibial myxoedema

      Explanation:

      Pretibial myxoedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) and very occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 62 - On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located? ...

    Incorrect

    • On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Chromosome 11

      Explanation:

      Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and usually, two pairs of copies of chromosome 11. It is one of the most complex, gene-rich chromosomes in the human genome, and it is associated with a number of diseases. Studies have shown they the human insulin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 63 - Which of the following predominate in the renal medulla? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following predominate in the renal medulla?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Epinephrine secreting cells

      Explanation:

      Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are cells located in the adrenal medulla which specialize in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines: 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine is released into the bloodstream. For this reason, they are considered to be neuroendocrine cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 64 - Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the...

    Incorrect

    • Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Deiodinase 1

      Explanation:

      Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase, also known simply as deiodinase 1, is an enzyme which can produce both triiodothyronine (active form) or inactivate metabolites from T4. It responsible for almost 80% of the conversion of peripheral T4 to T3. Iodothyronine deiodinases are not to be confused with iodotyrosine deiodinases, which are also part of the deiodinase enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 65 - Compact/cortical bone makes up ...

    Incorrect

    • Compact/cortical bone makes up

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The outer layer of most bones and accounts for 80% of bone in the body

      Explanation:

      Cortical, lamellar, or compact bone, is more dense than spongy bone and it forms the rigid, outer layer of bones, also called cortex. It consists of packed osteons, with a central osteonic canal surrounded by concentric rings. Spaces called lacunae are filled with osteocytes, and channels called canaliculi go from the lacunae to the osteonic canal. The strength of cortical bone allows it to support the body and protect organs. It also stores different elements, such as calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
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  • Question 66 - Which of the following may be a feature of primary hyperaldosteronism? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following may be a feature of primary hyperaldosteronism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Muscular weakness

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome is characterised by hypertension which may cause poor vision or headaches. Occasionally there may be muscular weakness, muscle spasms, tingling sensations, or excessive urination. Complications include cardiovascular disease such as stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and abnormal heart rhythms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 67 - Embryologically the anterior pituitary is formed from? ...

    Incorrect

    • Embryologically the anterior pituitary is formed from?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Rathkes pouch

      Explanation:

      The ectoderm, located in the roof of the pharynx, forms Rathke’s pouch, which comes into contact with the ectoderm of the developing brain. The pouch eventually separates from the pharynx, becoming the anterior pituitary.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 68 - Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. ...

    Incorrect

    • Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Oxytocin and vasopressin

      Explanation:

      The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). These hormones are stored in Herring bodies before being secreted into the bloodstream.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 69 - During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage...

    Incorrect

    • During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage known as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Epiphysial plate

      Explanation:

      The epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate, is a hyaline cartilage plate located near the ends of long bones; it consists of growing tissue. It is found in children and teenagers; in adults, it is replaced by an epiphysial line or epiphysial closure. The epiphysial plate is divided into zones: zone of reserve, proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 70 - Which of the following hormones would stimulate secretion of TSH? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following hormones would stimulate secretion of TSH?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: TRH

      Explanation:

      Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, also known as TRH, thyrotropin-releasing factor, TRF is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus. It functions as a releasing hormone, promoting the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin and prolactin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 71 - An important hormone controlling the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts, by inhibiting the...

    Incorrect

    • An important hormone controlling the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts, by inhibiting the RANKL/ RANK interaction is called?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Osteoprotegerin

      Explanation:

      Osteoprotegerin, also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) is a glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine receptor. It works as a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoclast differentiation factor, thus inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclasts, which are capable of resorbing bone. Osteoprotegerin has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 72 - Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell...

    Incorrect

    • Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell bodies in which nuclei?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Arcuate

      Explanation:

      Arcuate nucleus dopaminergic neurons consist of a single group of neurons that project to the median eminence where they release dopamine into the hypophyseal portal circulation to inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 73 - What is the most important source of heat production in the body? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most important source of heat production in the body?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Skeletal muscle contraction

      Explanation:

      Thermogenesis is the process by which organisms produce heat. Through skeletal muscle contraction, or shivering, ATP is converted into kinetic energy, some of which converts into heat. These muscle contractions produce about 70% of total body heat.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 74 - Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: High LDL

      Explanation:

      The World Health Organization 1999 criteria require the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following:Blood pressure: ≥ 140/90 mmHgDyslipidaemia: triglycerides (TG): ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female)Central obesity: waist: hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or body mass index > 30 kg/m2Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 µg/min or albumin: creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 75 - Which cells secrete insulin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which cells secrete insulin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: B cells of the pancreatic islets

      Explanation:

      Insulin is synthesised and stored by the B cells of the pancreatic islets (70% of islet cells), glucagon is synthesised and stored in the A cells (20%) and somatostatin is synthesised and stored in the D cells (10%).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 76 - In which of the following are the enzymatic mechanisms for producing aldosterone found?...

    Incorrect

    • In which of the following are the enzymatic mechanisms for producing aldosterone found?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Zona glomerulosa

      Explanation:

      The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. In it, aldosterone is secreted as a response to an increase in potassium levels, decreased blood flow, or renin. This secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 77 - What is the effect of vasopressin on the kidney? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the effect of vasopressin on the kidney?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increase collecting duct permeability to water

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH, which increases water reabsorption in the kidney’s collecting ducts. It works by increasing water permeability in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules. It induces the exocytosis of AQP-CD-laden vesicles, transferring water channels from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane, therefore allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine in the collecting ducts to the blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 78 - With regards to the deiodinases, where would you find D1? ...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to the deiodinases, where would you find D1?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The liver produces an important amount of T3 by outer ring deiodination thanks to its elevated concentration of type I deiodinase. It can also be found in the kidney.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 79 - The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area? ...

    Incorrect

    • The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Posterior hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
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  • Question 80 - Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ghrelin

      Explanation:

      Ghrelin is a hormone which serves as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It acts on the pituitary and the hypothalamus by affecting the vagus nerve. It acts on the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary, GHRH-secreting neurons, and on GHIH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus, causing a time-dependent and pulsatile stimulation over the secretion of growth hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

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