00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Secs)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: Basket

      Correct Answer: A delta and C pain fibers

      Explanation:

      A delta and C fibers use glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter where it acts as a fast acting localized neurotransmitter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?

      Your Answer: Β1 receptor

      Correct Answer: Α2 receptor

      Explanation:

      Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor...

    Incorrect

    • The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:

      Your Answer: Gustducin

      Correct Answer: mGluR4

      Explanation:

      Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Correct

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The spinothalamic tracts are particularly concerned with: ...

    Incorrect

    • The spinothalamic tracts are particularly concerned with:

      Your Answer: Control of posture

      Correct Answer: Pain and temperature sensations

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tracts are part of the anterolateral system in the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information related to pain, temperature, and crude touch from the peripheral nervous system to the thalamus in the brain. This sensory information is then relayed to the cerebral cortex for processing. The spinothalamic tracts are divided into two main pathways:

      1. Lateral spinothalamic tract: Transmits pain and temperature sensations.
      2. Anterior spinothalamic tract: Transmits crude touch and pressure sensations.

      Control of posture: The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts are primarily involved in the control of posture and balance. These tracts originate in the brainstem and help maintain posture by influencing the motor neurons that control axial and proximal muscles.

      Voluntary skilled movements: The corticospinal tracts (also known as the pyramidal tracts) are responsible for voluntary skilled movements. These tracts originate in the motor cortex and descend through the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on motor neurons that control fine motor movements, especially of the distal limbs.

      Muscular tone: Muscular tone is primarily regulated by several tracts, including the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts. Additionally, the rubrospinal tract (originating from the red nucleus in the midbrain) also contributes to motor control and muscle tone, particularly of the upper limbs.

      Visual input: The optic tracts and pathways (including the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic radiations) are responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. This pathway processes visual input, including aspects such as color, motion, and depth perception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception?

      Your Answer: A γ fiber

      Correct Answer: An α fiber

      Explanation:

      Proprioception, also known as kinaesthesia, is the sense through which humans perceive their own position and movements. α nerve fibers are specifically involved in transmitting proprioception stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which one of the following nerve fibers has the fastest conduction velocity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following nerve fibers has the fastest conduction velocity?

      Your Answer: γ fiber

      Correct Answer: α fiber

      Explanation:

      α nerve fibers are characterized by being highly myelinated, which confers them with fast conduction properties. They innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, and their conduction velocity is between 80-120 m/s.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?

      Your Answer: Spinal cord

      Explanation:

      The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called: ...

    Incorrect

    • An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called:

      Your Answer: Menthol-sensitive receptor pain

      Correct Answer: Hyperalgesia

      Explanation:

      Allodynia is the sensation of pain following non-painful stimulation.

      Hyperalgesia is enhanced intensity of pain sensation.

      Causalgia is a constant burning pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury.

      Hyperesthesia is the abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of sense.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:

      Your Answer: Control of ear ossicle function to limit the amount of sound transmitted in the inner ear.

      Correct Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior earGeneral visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid musclesSpecial visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except:

      Your Answer: Radicular arteries

      Correct Answer: Lateral spinal artery

      Explanation:

      The spinal cord (SC) is supplied by the single anterior spinal artery which supplies the anterior two thirds of the SC and paired posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior one third. Anastomoses between the spinal arteries supply the lateral column. These arteries originate near the cervico-occipital junction and therefore have a smaller calibre and often discontinue. Thus, they require reinforcement by segmental/radicular arteries which are branches of the ascending cervical artery, deep cervical artery, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries and lateral sacral arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle: ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle:

      Your Answer: Are mainly tracts projecting from the cerebellar nuclei to the brown nucleus

      Correct Answer: Are mainly ventral spinocerebellar tracts from the cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus

      Explanation:

      There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

      The superior cerebellar peduncle contains vital afferent and efferent fibers including cerebellothalamic, cerebellorubral and ventrospinocerebellar tracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor...

    Incorrect

    • Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor neuron?

      Your Answer: Alfa – motor neuron

      Correct Answer: Gama – motor neuron

      Explanation:

      The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is via Type Ia fibers whereas the motor supply is via gamma motor neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The majority of corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The majority of corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the:

      Your Answer: Forebrain

      Correct Answer: Medulla

      Explanation:

      The corticospinal tract is a descending motor path way that begins in the cerebral cortex and decussates in the pyramids of the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - In Argyll Robertson pupils… ...

    Incorrect

    • In Argyll Robertson pupils…

      Your Answer: May be a sign of diabetic neuropathy

      Correct Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax...

    Incorrect

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax and upper abdomen?

      Your Answer: CN Xl

      Correct Answer: CN X

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerve X supplies the structures of the thorax and abdomen. All the rest of the cranial nerves supply the structures in the head and neck

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply?

      Your Answer: Salivary gland

      Correct Answer: Radial muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      The sphincter pupillae is supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The dilator pupillae (radial muscle) is supplied by the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary glands originate in the parasympathetic nucleus of the facial nerve (superior salivatory nucleus) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (inferior salivatory nucleus). The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and descend into the thorax in the vagus nerve. The fibers terminate by synapsing with postganglionic neurons in the cardiac plexuses. Postganglionic fibers terminate on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and on the coronary arteries Parasympathetic supply to the stomach is via the vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential? ...

    Correct

    • What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential?

      Your Answer: Gated Na channels open allowing the influx of Na

      Explanation:

      Generation of an action potential in response to a stimulus is a result of a previously maintained resting membrane potential (RMP). Generation of resting membrane potential is mediated mainly by potassium ions. Several membrane proteins maintain RMP by transport of ions in and out of cell. Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ concentration in extracellular fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and K+ ion concentration is higher intracellularly. Generation of an action potential facilitates opening of Na+ ion channels which allow for Na+ to diffuse inside the cell according to the concentration gradient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps?

      Your Answer: L3

      Correct Answer: C7

      Explanation:

      Of the nerve fibers that make up the brachial plexus, C7 mainly forms the radial nerve to innervate the triceps muscle, thus innervating the shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand. C7 is responsible for the triceps reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The main reason for the prolonged effect of the withdrawal reflex is: ...

    Correct

    • The main reason for the prolonged effect of the withdrawal reflex is:

      Your Answer: Multiple connections between afferent and efferent neurons

      Explanation:

      The withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex that protects the body from harmful stimuli. Spinal reflexes are mostly monosynaptic and are mediated by a simple reflex arc. Withdrawal reflex is mediated by a polysynaptic reflex resulting in stimulation of many motor neurons in order to establish a quick and prolonged response.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      2.6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in: ...

    Correct

    • Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in:

      Your Answer: K

      Explanation:

      Cochlear fluids namely endolymph and perilymph have different compositions. Perilymph is a typical extracellular fluid, with ionic composition comparable to plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. The main cation is sodium. Endolymph is a totally unique extracellular fluid, with an ion composition unlike that which is found anywhere else in the body. The major cation in the endolymph is potassium and there is virtually no sodium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.3
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The choroid plexus: ...

    Incorrect

    • The choroid plexus:

      Your Answer: Its epithelial cells are fenestrated

      Correct Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus is a vascular structure found in all cerebral ventricles. The functional unit of the choroid plexus, composed of a capillary, enveloped by a layer of differentiated ependymal epithelium. Unlike the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus capillaries are fenestrated and have no tight junctions. The endothelium, therefore, does not form a barrier to the movement of small molecules. Instead, the blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus is formed by the epithelial cells and the tight junctions that link them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:...

    Incorrect

    • The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:

      Your Answer: Visceral sensation from the gut and thoracic organs

      Correct Answer: Sensory input from the semi-circular canal (CN VIII)

      Explanation:

      Located in the brain stem is a series of purely sensory nuclei known as tractus solitaries. Inputs of the nucleus tractus solitaries include:Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis).Sensory information from the ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve).Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus nerve.Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to...

    Incorrect

    • The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to a muscle is mediated by which sensory organ?

      Your Answer: Tendon stretch organ

      Correct Answer: Golgi tendon organ

      Explanation:

      Both the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon body are proprioceptors. The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron into the synaptic cleft and also by some postganglionic sympathetic neurons as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.9
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?...

    Incorrect

    • The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 1 to 2

      Correct Answer: CN 5 to 8

      Explanation:

      The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei… ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei…

      Your Answer: Receive input from the spinocerebellar tracts via the inferior and superior cerebellar peduncles

      Correct Answer: Are the emboliform and globose nuclei in the paravermis

      Explanation:

      The interposed nuclei are a part of deep cerebellar complex and are composed of the globose nucleus and the emboliform nucleus. It receives afferent fibers from the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and sends output via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers? ...

    Incorrect

    • The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?

      Your Answer: Granular, purkinje, mossy

      Correct Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation? ...

    Correct

    • Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation?

      Your Answer: T10

      Explanation:

      The area of skin supplied by one nerve is called a dermatome. T10 supplies sensory neurons to the area of the umbilicus. C3 and C4 supply the neck and the shoulder, T4 supplies the dermatome at the level of the nipple, S3 supplies the inguinal region and L5 supplies the lateral aspect of the leg and the medical aspect of the dorsum of the feet plus the first 3 toes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: CN 2

      Explanation:

      Oculomotor nerve (N3), trochlear nerve (N4), ophthalmic and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N5) pass along its lateral border. The abducent nerve (N6) passes through it along with the internal carotid artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (26/29) 90%
Neurology (26/29) 90%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard