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  • Question 1 - In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect ...

    Correct

    • In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect

      Your Answer: Due to congenital absence of myenteric and submucosal plexuses

      Explanation:

      During normal prenatal development, cells from the neural crest migrate into the large intestine (colon) to form the networks of nerves called the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) (between the smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus) (within the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract wall). In Hirschsprung’s disease, the migration is not complete and part of the colon lacks these nerve bodies that regulate the activity of the colon. The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and pass stool through the colon, creating an obstruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      28.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver?

      Your Answer: Factor viii

      Explanation:

      Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside of the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen...

    Correct

    • Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen is by

      Your Answer: Trypsin

      Explanation:

      The enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyse the reaction pro-colipase → colipase. Colipase is necessary, along with bile salts, to enable lipase function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      30.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Intrinsic Factor is released by, ...

    Correct

    • Intrinsic Factor is released by,

      Your Answer: Parietal cell

      Explanation:

      Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Regarding the anatomy of the intestine, the muscularis propria contains all of which...

    Correct

    • Regarding the anatomy of the intestine, the muscularis propria contains all of which of the following constituents?

      Your Answer: Circular muscle, myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle

      Explanation:

      The muscularis mucosa/propria consists of the inner circular muscles and the outer longitudinal muscles. Between these muscles is the myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      65.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion...

    Correct

    • Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion of fat begin in a normal human being?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      The enzyme lipase which is responsible for digestion of fat is secreted by the exocrine pancreas in the 2nd part of the duodenum at the point where the pancreatic duct opens. It opens together with the common bile duct which contains bile that emulsify fat aiding in digestion. The oesophagus, stomach and mouth do not contain enzymes related to fat digestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm?

      Your Answer: Small intestine

      Correct Answer: Oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm acts to coordinate peristalsis and are initiated in the interstitial cells of Cajal, specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, below the oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      111.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where in the gastrointestinal tract are valvulae conniventes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the gastrointestinal tract are valvulae conniventes?

      Your Answer: Colon

      Correct Answer: Jejunum

      Explanation:

      The circular folds (valves of Kerckring or valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by ...

    Correct

    • Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by

      Your Answer: Bile salts

      Explanation:

      Digestion of fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      35.4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their inactive precursors?

      Your Answer: Trypsin

      Correct Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G...

    Incorrect

    • During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?

      Your Answer: Distention of the stomach wall and oligopeptides

      Correct Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach

      Explanation:

      Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      34.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as...

    Correct

    • The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as

      Your Answer: Crypts of Lieberkühn

      Explanation:

      An intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon) between the villi.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Pepsinogens are inactive pepsin precursors which are activated by ...

    Correct

    • Pepsinogens are inactive pepsin precursors which are activated by

      Your Answer: Gastric acid

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid i.e. gastric acid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its...

    Correct

    • Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its active site?

      Your Answer: Colipase

      Explanation:

      Colipase is a co enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase by facilitating the exposure of its active sites.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common...

    Correct

    • The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common bile duct is known as the:

      Your Answer: Duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The small ducts from the pancreas coalesce into a single duct known as the pancreatic duct or the duct of Wirsung. It usually joins the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater before entering the duodenum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except:

      Your Answer: Kidney

      Explanation:

      The portal vein receives blood from the intestines via the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, from stomach via the gastric veins and from the spleen and pancreas via splenic vein. The kidney is supplied by the renal artery and drains into the renal vein into the inferior venacava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons?

      Your Answer: Substance P

      Correct Answer: Nitric oxide

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Classically in the peripheral nervous system, it diffuses from a presynaptic nerve ending to the post synaptic effecter cell which is mainly smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

      Your Answer: Pepsinogen 1

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin.Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a proteinSeveral elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.Sterol esterasePhospholipaseSeveral nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNase and RNase.Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:

      Your Answer: CN IX

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic presynaptic nerve fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) synapse in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers pass to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The ATPase of parietal cells moves: ...

    Correct

    • The ATPase of parietal cells moves:

      Your Answer: H+ into the gastric lumen in exchange for a k+

      Explanation:

      ATPase of the parietal cell is also known as the proton pump, which moves H+ ions into the gastric lumen in exchange for K+ ions into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the...

    Incorrect

    • The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins is called?

      Your Answer: Trypsin

      Correct Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of the gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Regarding carbohydrates absorption; ...

    Correct

    • Regarding carbohydrates absorption;

      Your Answer: Intestinal absorption of sugars is inhibited by the drug phlorizin

      Explanation:

      The main role of insulin is in the uptake of glucose from blood to tissues where it is metabolised. Glycose transporters in the intestines do not depend on the action of insulin. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with glucose for the binding site, reducing intestinal and renal glucose transport.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      53.6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous...

    Incorrect

    • There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. This is maintained by:

      Your Answer: Noradrenergic nerve stimulation of the hepatic artery

      Correct Answer: All of the options are correct

      Explanation:

      There is an inverse relationship between the blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein. It is maintained by several factors such as chemicals like adenosine, neurohumoral substances, the morphology of the hepatic portal system (especially the ability of hepatic sinusoids to collapse) and myogenic control which causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      47.3
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following takes place during fasting ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following takes place during fasting

      Your Answer: Basic electrical rhythm

      Correct Answer: Migrating motor complex

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      43.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Bile contains: ...

    Correct

    • Bile contains:

      Your Answer: Bile acids, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol

      Explanation:

      The main components of bile include bile acids or bile salts, phospholipids; mainly phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, bilirubin, inorganic salts; potassium, sodium and bicarbonate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      26.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions:

      Your Answer: Trefoil peptides and mucus- bicarbonate layer.

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, a protein digesting enzyme. Bombesin is a peptide which stimulates gastrin secreting cells in the stomach increasing production of gastric acid. Ecl or enterochromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. Oxyntic cells are also known as parietal cells and are the main cells secreting gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl). Gastric acid and pepsin are harmful agents for the gastric mucosa and can result in autodigestion. It is therefore protected by several agents including bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of gastric acid while Trefoil peptides are a component of gastric mucosa that form a gel like layer in the gastric epithelium protecting it from harmful agents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Chief cells secrete: ...

    Correct

    • Chief cells secrete:

      Your Answer: Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      59.9
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Two types of gallstones are: ...

    Correct

    • Two types of gallstones are:

      Your Answer: Calcium and cholesterol

      Explanation:

      Cholesterol stones are the most common gallstones followed by calcium carbonate and bilirubinate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Almost all of the protein that appears in the stool is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Almost all of the protein that appears in the stool is:

      Your Answer: From partially digested proteins

      Correct Answer: Comes from bacteria and cellular debris

      Explanation:

      75% of faecal weight is water. By dry weight 30% of faeces is bacteria,10-20% is fat and 2-3% proteins. Almost all proteins ingested are absorbed in the gut.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Where does protein digestion begin? ...

    Correct

    • Where does protein digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (20/29) 69%
Medicine (20/29) 69%
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