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  • Question 1 - Transport of Iron into enterocytes occurs via which membrane transporter? ...

    Incorrect

    • Transport of Iron into enterocytes occurs via which membrane transporter?

      Your Answer: Fe2+ - ATPase

      Correct Answer: Divalent metal transporter 1(dmt1)

      Explanation:

      To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as haem protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+. A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which vitamin plays a major role in the metabolism of many amino acids?...

    Incorrect

    • Which vitamin plays a major role in the metabolism of many amino acids?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B6

      Explanation:

      Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B group, and its active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) serves as a coenzyme in many enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Stem cell characteristics include the following except ...

    Incorrect

    • Stem cell characteristics include the following except

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Differentiation and proliferation into progenitor cells committed to multiple cell lines

      Explanation:

      The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:Self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent to be able to give rise to any mature cell type

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following factors is directly responsible for the breakdown of fibrinogen...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is directly responsible for the breakdown of fibrinogen to fibrin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thrombin

      Explanation:

      Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the coagulation cascade, the clotting process. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalysing many other coagulation-related reactions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following conditions is associated with eosinophilia? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following conditions is associated with eosinophilia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ascaris

      Explanation:

      Eosinophilia can be idiopathic (primary) or, more commonly, secondary to another disease. In the Western World, allergic or atopic diseases are the most common causes, especially those of the respiratory or integumentary systems. In the developing world, parasites are the most common cause e.g. Ascaris

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The following play a role in regulation of intestinal iron absorption except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following play a role in regulation of intestinal iron absorption except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Urinary iron excretion rate

      Explanation:

      The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, dietary intake, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The structure of haemoglobin A in adults includes ...

    Incorrect

    • The structure of haemoglobin A in adults includes

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Haem, globin polypeptide chains α and β

      Explanation:

      Haemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult haemoglobin or α2β2, is the most common human haemoglobin tetramer, comprising over 97% of the total red blood cell haemoglobin. It consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following conditions is procoagulant? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following conditions is procoagulant?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Factor V Leiden

      Explanation:

      Factor V Leiden is a genetic mutation of one of the clotting factors in the blood, Factor V. This mutation makes Factor V resistant to inactivation by activated Protein C, which normally helps to regulate clot formation. As a result, individuals with Factor V Leiden are at increased risk of developing abnormal blood clots (thrombophilia), making it a procoagulant condition.

      The other conditions listed are associated with bleeding tendencies rather than increased clotting:

      • Afibrinogenemia: A rare genetic disorder where there is a complete lack of fibrinogen, leading to bleeding problems.
      • Hemophilia: A group of inherited bleeding disorders where blood does not clot properly due to the lack of sufficient blood-clotting proteins (factors VIII or IX).
      • Hypothrombinemia: A condition characterized by low levels of prothrombin, leading to increased bleeding.
      • Christmas disease (Hemophilia B): A form of hemophilia caused by a deficiency of factor IX, resulting in a bleeding tendency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The haemostatic plug formation in response to injured blood vessel wall is stimulated...

    Incorrect

    • The haemostatic plug formation in response to injured blood vessel wall is stimulated by exposure of which substance to platelets?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Collagen

      Explanation:

      When the endothelium is damaged, the normally isolated, underlying collagen is exposed to circulating platelets, which bind directly to collagen with collagen-specific glycoprotein Ia/IIa surface receptors. This adhesion is strengthened further by von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is released from the endothelium and from platelets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which vitamin is found in NAD and NADP? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which vitamin is found in NAD and NADP?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B3

      Explanation:

      In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin (vitamin B3)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which statement is correct about the clinical state of methemoglobinemia? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is correct about the clinical state of methemoglobinemia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: May arise due to a hereditary deficiency of NADH.

      Explanation:

      Methaemoglobin is a form of haemoglobin that contains ferric [Fe3+] iron and has a decreased ability to bind oxygen. Spontaneously formed methaemoglobin is normally reduced by protective enzyme systems, e.g., NADH methaemoglobin reductase, hence a deficiency of NADH may result in increased levels of methaemoglobin

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the average life span of platelets? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the average life span of platelets?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 8 days

      Explanation:

      The average life span of circulating platelets is 8 to 9 days.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which clotting factor is responsible for stabilization of the fibrin clot by formation...

    Incorrect

    • Which clotting factor is responsible for stabilization of the fibrin clot by formation of covalent cross-linkages?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Factor XIIIa

      Explanation:

      Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme of the blood coagulation system that crosslinks fibrin. Deficiency of this factor (FXIIID) affects clot stability.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of these vitamins is not found in plants? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of these vitamins is not found in plants?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B12

      Explanation:

      No fungi, plants, nor animals (including humans) are capable of producing vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes needed for its synthesis. Proved food sources of B12 are animal products (meat, fish, dairy products).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - With regards to splenic micro-architecture which is not contained within the red pulp...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to splenic micro-architecture which is not contained within the red pulp

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Malpighian corpuscles

      Explanation:

      Red pulp is responsible for mechanical filtration of red blood cells and is composed of sinusoids, which are filled with blood, splenic cords of reticular fibers and a marginal zone bordering on white pulp. White pulp provides an active immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways. Composed of nodules, called Malpighian corpuscles. These are composed of: lymphoid follicles, rich in B-lymphocytes and periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS), rich in T-lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Why is tissue plasminogen activator (tPa) a valuable treatment used in myocardial infarction...

    Incorrect

    • Why is tissue plasminogen activator (tPa) a valuable treatment used in myocardial infarction and stroke?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It forms plasmin from its inactive precursor

      Explanation:

      tPA is a serine protease involved in the breakdown of blood clots. It functions by converting plasminogen, an inactive precursor, into plasmin, an active enzyme. Plasmin then degrades fibrin, the main protein component of blood clots, leading to clot dissolution. This mechanism is particularly valuable in the treatment of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and ischemic stroke, where timely dissolution of the clot can restore blood flow to affected tissues and reduce damage.

      Therefore, the correct answer is:

      • It forms plasmin from its inactive precursor

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Regarding Iron stores, which of the following contains the highest proportion of total...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Iron stores, which of the following contains the highest proportion of total body iron?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Haemoglobin

      Explanation:

      Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies. Of this, about 2.5 g is contained in the haemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Choose the correct statement regarding the protein C/S system? ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct statement regarding the protein C/S system?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The protein C/S complex inactivates factor Va and VIIIa

      Explanation:

      The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - von Willebrand factor stabilises which clotting factor? ...

    Incorrect

    • von Willebrand factor stabilises which clotting factor?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Factor VIII

      Explanation:

      Von Willebrand factor’s primary function is binding to other proteins, in particular factor VIII, and it is important in platelet adhesion to wound sites. It is not an enzyme and, thus, has no catalytic activity. Factor VIII degrades rapidly when not bound to vWF. Factor VIII is released from vWF by the action of thrombin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - In the clotting mechanism, activation of factor IX can occur through the direct...

    Incorrect

    • In the clotting mechanism, activation of factor IX can occur through the direct actions of:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Factor VIIa & XIa

      Explanation:

      Factor IX is processed to remove the signal peptide, glycosylated and then cleaved by factor XIa (of the contact pathway) or factor VIIa (of the tissue factor pathway). When activated into factor IXa, in the presence of Ca2+, membrane phospholipids, and a Factor VIII cofactor, it hydrolyses one arginine-isoleucine bond in factor X to form factor Xa. Factor IX is inhibited by antithrombin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

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