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  • Question 1 - Regarding antiemetics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding antiemetics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Cyclizine acts by inhibiting histamine pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre.

      Correct Answer: Of the antiemetics, cyclizine is most commonly associated with acute dystonic reactions.

      Explanation:

      Cyclizine acts by inhibiting histamine pathways and cholinergic pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Metoclopramide is a dopamine-receptor antagonist which acts both peripherally in the GI tract and centrally within the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Prochlorperazine is a dopamine-D2 receptor antagonist and acts centrally by blocking the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine are both commonly associated with extrapyramidal effects, such as acute dystonic reaction. Cyclizine may rarely cause extrapyramidal effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      22.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion...

    Correct

    • A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion of the temporal lobe. What type of visual field defect would you most expect to see in this patient:

      Your Answer: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

      Explanation:

      Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) carry visual information, via the upper and lower optic radiations, to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe:
      The upper optic radiation carries fibres from the superior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the inferior visual field quadrants) and travels through the parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex.
      The lower optic radiation carries fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the superior visual field quadrants) and travels through the temporal lobe to reach the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      16.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - In a patient with an ongoing seizure, after what time period should treatment...

    Correct

    • In a patient with an ongoing seizure, after what time period should treatment be commenced?

      Your Answer: 5 minutes

      Explanation:

      Immediate emergency care and treatment should be given to children, young people and adults who have prolonged or repeated convulsive seizures.
      Prolonged seizures last 5 minutes or more.
      Repeated seizures refer to 3 or more seizures in an hour.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the...

    Correct

    • Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus?

      Your Answer: Broca’s area

      Explanation:

      Broca’s area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax). It corresponds to the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44 and 45). These areas are defined by two rami (branches) of the lateral sulcus (one ascending, one horizontal) which ‘slice into’ the inferior frontal gyrus. In keeping with its role in speech and language, Broca’s area is immediately anterior to the motor and premotor representations of the face, tongue and larynx. A homologous area in the opposite hemisphere is involved in non-verbal communication such as facial expression, gesticulation and modulation of the rate, rhythm and intonation of speech.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine: ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine:

      Your Answer: Histamine-H2 antagonist

      Correct Answer: Histamine-H1 antagonist

      Explanation:

      Antihistamines e.g. cyclizine, are effective against nausea and vomiting caused by many different conditions, including motion sickness and vertigo. These agents act by inhibiting histamine pathways, and cholinergic pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. There is no evidence that any one antihistamine is superior to another but their duration of action and incidence of adverse effects differ. Adverse effects include drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and confusion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      19.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - A patient is referred to the Medicine Department for complaints of unilateral hearing...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is referred to the Medicine Department for complaints of unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and facial numbness. Upon further investigation, an acoustic neuroma is given as the final diagnosis.

      Which of the following nerves is least likely to be affected in acoustic neuroma?

      Your Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve

      Correct Answer: Trochlear nerve

      Explanation:

      Acoustic neuroma is also called vestibular schwannoma (VS), acoustic neuroma, vestibular neuroma or acoustic neurofibroma. These are tumours that evolve from the Schwann cell sheath and can be either intracranial or extra-axial. They usually occur adjacent to the cochlear and vestibular nerves and most often arise from the inferior division of the latter. Anatomically, acoustic neuroma tends to occupy the cerebellopontine angle. About 5-10% of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumours are meningiomas and may occur elsewhere in the brain. Bilateral acoustic neuromas tend to be exclusively found in individuals with type 2 neurofibromatosis.

      The following nerves may be affected due to nerve compression:

      Facial nerve: usually minimal with late presentation except for very large tumours. Depending on the degree of engagement of the nerve, the symptoms may include twitching, increased lacrimation and facial weakness.

      Trigeminal Nerve: paraesthesia in the trigeminal distribution, tingling of the tongue, impairment of the corneal reflex, and less commonly pain which may mimic typical trigeminal neuralgia.

      Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerves: palatal paresis, hoarseness of voice and dysphagia

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      20.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 70-year-old man has a resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a shuffling gait....

    Correct

    • A 70-year-old man has a resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a shuffling gait. Parkinson's disease is caused by one of the following mechanisms:

      Your Answer: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

      Explanation:

      Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years and causing progressive disability that can be slowed but not halted, by treatment. The 2 major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson’s disease are loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. See the images below.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A 26 year old horse rider has a bad fall and sustains a...

    Incorrect

    • A 26 year old horse rider has a bad fall and sustains a neck injury which displays the following signs:
      - ability to extend the wrist against gravity
      - paralysis of the hands, trunk, and legs
      - absent sensation in the fingers and medial upper arms
      - normal sensation over the thumbs
      - absent sensation in chest, abdomen, and legs

      What is the neurological level of the injury?

      Your Answer: C7

      Correct Answer: C6

      Explanation:

      C1 – C4 INJURY
      Most severe of the spinal cord injury levels; paralysis in arms, hands, trunk and legs; patient may not be able to breathe on his or her own, cough, or control bowel or bladder movements; ability to speak is sometimes impaired or reduced

      C5 INJURY
      Person can raise his or her arms and bend elbows; likely to have some or total paralysis of wrists, hands, trunk and legs; can speak and use diaphragm, but breathing will be weakened

      C6 INJURY
      Nerves affect wrist extension; paralysis in hands, trunk and legs, typically; should be able to bend wrists back; can speak and use diaphragm, but breathing will be weakened

      C7 INJURY
      Nerves control elbow extension and some finger extension; most can straighten their arm and have normal movement of their shoulders

      C8 INJURY
      Nerves control some hand movement; should be able to grasp and release objects

      C5 – Elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis)
      C6 – Wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis)
      C7 – Elbow extensors (triceps)
      C8 – Finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus) to the middle finger

      C5 – Elbow flexed at 90 degrees, arm at the patient’s side and forearm supinated
      C6 – Wrist in full extension
      C7 – Shoulder is neutral rotation, adducted and in 90 degrees of flexion with elbow in 45 degrees of flexion
      C8 –Full flexed position of the distal phalanx with the proximal finger joints stabilized in a extended position

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      24
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:

      Your Answer: Intravenous diazepam

      Correct Answer: Intravenous lorazepam

      Explanation:

      First-line treatment is with intravenous lorazepam if available. Intravenous diazepam is effective but it carries a high risk of thrombophlebitis so should only be used if intravenous lorazepam is not immediately available. Absorption of diazepam from intramuscular injection or from suppositories is too slow for treatment of status epilepticus. When facilities for resuscitation are not immediately available or if unable to secure immediate intravenous access, diazepam can be administered as a rectal solution or midazolam oromucosal solution can be given into the buccal cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      13.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of opioid analgesics:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of opioid analgesics:

      Your Answer: Urinary retention

      Correct Answer: Diarrhoea

      Explanation:

      All opioids have the potential to cause:
      Gastrointestinal effects – Nausea, vomiting, constipation, difficulty with micturition (urinary retention), biliary spasm
      Central nervous system effects – Sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis
      Cardiovascular effects – Peripheral vasodilation, postural hypotension
      Dependence and tolerance

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      11
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Central Nervous System (4/10) 40%
Pharmacology (1/5) 20%
Anatomy (3/5) 60%
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