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  • Question 1 - In the absence of insulin: ...

    Incorrect

    • In the absence of insulin:

      Your Answer: Glucose uptake by the liver is increased

      Correct Answer: Glucose uptake by most of the brain is normal

      Explanation:

      Although it is known that insulin levels affect glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in peripheral tissues, its role in the brain isn’t as clear. However, studies have shown that bulk brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin. Glucose transport into the neurons is GLUT3 dependent, and its transport into glia and brain endothelial cells rely on GLUT1. Insulin isn’t necessary for GLUT1 or GLUT3, which explains why brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      47.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?

      Your Answer: Pretibial myxoedema

      Explanation:

      Pretibial myxoedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) and very occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

      Hypothyroidism typically presents with symptoms such as dry skin, brittle hair, and thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows. While skin conditions like dryness and hair changes are common in hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolic activity, acne is also not typically associated with it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide?

      Your Answer: ß-endorphin

      Explanation:

      ß-endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide which is mainly synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland, derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Some studies have shown that immune system cells are also capable of synthesizing ß-endorphin. β-endorphin is thought to exert a tonic inhibitory influence upon GNRH secretion and to be an important regulator of reproductive function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

      Your Answer: All tissues

      Correct Answer: Adrenal gland

      Explanation:

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as ACTH or corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone. It is synthesized by the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary. It works by regulating the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the cortex cells in the adrenal gland. It binds to the melanocortin (MC) 2 receptors on the surface of the adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, producing cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

      Your Answer: Adrenocortical adenoma

      Correct Answer: Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

      Explanation:

      Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Primary hyperaldosteronism has a number of causes. About 66% of cases are due to enlargement of both adrenal glands and 33% of cases are due to an adrenal adenoma that produces aldosterone. Other uncommon causes include adrenal cancer and an inherited disorder called familial hyperaldosteronism

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The action of progesterone on different organs/systems includes: ...

    Incorrect

    • The action of progesterone on different organs/systems includes:

      Your Answer: Brain: stimulation of LH secretion thus triggering ovulation

      Correct Answer: Breasts: stimulation of lobular and alveolar development

      Explanation:

      Progesterone is a sex hormone which affects mainly the reproductive system. In the breasts, it mediates the lobuloalveolar maturation to allow for milk production; this is done in conjunction with prolactin. It acts to maintain female reproductive and sex characteristics.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      11.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area? ...

    Correct

    • The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?

      Your Answer: Posterior hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      31.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg...

    Incorrect

    • In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg hydrocortisone?

      Your Answer: 10mg

      Correct Answer: 25mg

      Explanation:

      Different corticosteroids have varying degrees of potency. 1 mg of prednisone is equivalent to 4 mg of hydrocortisone. Therefore, 25 mg of prednisone are equivalent to 100 mg of hydrocortisone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      18.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage...

    Correct

    • During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage known as:

      Your Answer: Epiphysial plate

      Explanation:

      The epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate, is a hyaline cartilage plate located near the ends of long bones; it consists of growing tissue. It is found in children and teenagers; in adults, it is replaced by an epiphysial line or epiphysial closure. The epiphysial plate is divided into zones: zone of reserve, proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone? ...

    Correct

    • Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone?

      Your Answer: Chief cells

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid chief cells, also known as parathyroid principal cells or parathyroid cells, are the most prevalent type of cell in the parathyroid gland and the only ones present at birth. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce...

    Correct

    • Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce endogenous pyrogens?

      Your Answer: Monocytes

      Explanation:

      Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharides or lipoglycans, are molecules that consist of a lipid and a polysaccharide. They bind to many cell types, but especially to monocytes, promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, acting as a pyrogen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The onset of puberty is triggered by ...

    Correct

    • The onset of puberty is triggered by

      Your Answer: Increase in pulsatile GNRH secretion from hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The onset of puberty is associated with high GNRH pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones. Brain tumours which increase GNRH output may also lead to premature puberty. The cause of the GNRH rise is unknown.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter...

    Incorrect

    • Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter / channel?

      Your Answer: TRPV 5

      Correct Answer: TRPV 6

      Explanation:

      Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 or TRPV 6 is a calcium channel located in the cell membrane which is present in a variety of organs, including small intestine, oesophagus, stomach, colon, placenta, kidney, and uterus. In the intestine, it is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the enterocyte, regulating the entry of calcium into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from: ...

    Incorrect

    • The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from:

      Your Answer: Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation from the hypothalamus

      Correct Answer: Paracrine hormones secreted from the hypothalamus via axons.

      Explanation:

      The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis consists of a collection of axonal projections emerging from the hypothalamus. It releases hormones directly from these axonal endings into circulation; these hormones are oxytocin and vasopressin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      83.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - In which of the following are the enzymatic mechanisms for producing aldosterone found?...

    Correct

    • In which of the following are the enzymatic mechanisms for producing aldosterone found?

      Your Answer: Zona glomerulosa

      Explanation:

      The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. In it, aldosterone is secreted as a response to an increase in potassium levels, decreased blood flow, or renin. This secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - In a newly diagnosed acromegaly patient, which of the following would you not...

    Correct

    • In a newly diagnosed acromegaly patient, which of the following would you not expect to find?

      Your Answer: Hypohidrosis

      Explanation:

      Features of acromegaly may include:

      • Soft tissue swelling visibly resulting in enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin
      • Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, notably the heart with associated weakening of its muscularity, and the kidneys, vocal cords (resulting in a characteristic thick, deep voice and slowing of speech)
      • Generalized expansion of the skull at the fontanelle, frontal bossing, prognathism with associated macroglossia (enlargement of the tongue) and teeth spacing.
      • Hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation and hyperhidrosis (not hypohidrosis) may occur in these patients as well as carpal tunnel syndrome and impotence.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

      Your Answer: High triglycerides

      Correct Answer: High LDL

      Explanation:

      The World Health Organization 1999 criteria require the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following:

      • Blood pressure: ≥ 140/90 mmHg
      • Dyslipidaemia: triglycerides (TG): ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female)
      • Central obesity: waist: hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or body mass index > 30 kg/m2
      • Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 µg/min or albumin: creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      12
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by...

    Incorrect

    • The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by follicles resembling which human gland?

      Your Answer: Adrenal cortex

      Correct Answer: Thyroid

      Explanation:

      The cells located between the two main pituitary lobes form what is known as the intermediate pituitary. This area secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone and it is only a few cell layers thick. It is rich in follicles filled with colloid, and lined by basophilic cells. This configuration resembles that of another important gland: the thyroid.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      25.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would signify osteopenia?

      Your Answer: Z score of -1.5

      Correct Answer: T score of -2.2

      Explanation:

      DEXA T Scores:Normal T-score ≥ −1.0Osteopenia −2.5 < T-score < −1.0Osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5Severe osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5 with fragility fracture

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - An important hormone controlling the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts, by inhibiting the...

    Incorrect

    • An important hormone controlling the differentiation of monocytes to osteoclasts, by inhibiting the RANKL/ RANK interaction is called?

      Your Answer: Rank – inhibitor

      Correct Answer: Osteoprotegerin

      Explanation:

      Osteoprotegerin, also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) is a glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine receptor. It works as a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/osteoclast differentiation factor, thus inhibiting the differentiation of osteoclasts, which are capable of resorbing bone. Osteoprotegerin has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      12.3
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - What causes increased insulin sensitivity? ...

    Correct

    • What causes increased insulin sensitivity?

      Your Answer: Exercise

      Explanation:

      Physical activity, through its effect on insulin sensitivity, is one of the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that by each weekly 500 kcal increment in exercise related energy consumption, the lifetime risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes is reduced by 9%. Up to two hours after exercise, glucose uptake is elevated due to insulin independent mechanisms; however, insulin sensitivity remains increased for at least 16 hours after exercising.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact...

    Incorrect

    • In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact modified forms of which cells?

      Your Answer: Stem cells

      Correct Answer: Astrocytes

      Explanation:

      Pituicytes are glial cells present in the pars nervosa, the posterior pituitary gland. Their irregular shape resembles that of astrocytes, and their cytoplasm also has intermediate filaments. They differ from astrocytes in that they have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      30.7
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - To which of the following plasma proteins is T4 most bound in plasma?...

    Incorrect

    • To which of the following plasma proteins is T4 most bound in plasma?

      Your Answer: Retinal-binding globulin

      Correct Answer: Thyroxine-binding globulin

      Explanation:

      Thyroxine-binding globulin, also known as TBG, is one of the three transport proteins responsible for carrying T4 and T3 through the circulatory system. It carries most of the T4 present in plasma, which it binds to strongly, shielding the hydrophobic hormones from the aqueous surroundings.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the...

    Correct

    • Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery?

      Your Answer: Deiodinase 1

      Explanation:

      Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase, also known simply as deiodinase 1, is an enzyme which can produce both triiodothyronine (active form) or inactivate metabolites from T4. It is responsible for almost 80% of the conversion of peripheral T4 to T3. Iodothyronine deiodinases are not to be confused with iodotyrosine deiodinases, which are also part of the deiodinase enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located? ...

    Incorrect

    • On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located?

      Your Answer: Chromosome 6

      Correct Answer: Chromosome 11

      Explanation:

      Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and usually, two pairs of copies of chromosome 11. It is one of the most complex, gene-rich chromosomes in the human genome, and it is associated with a number of diseases. Studies have shown they the human insulin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following skin coloration abnormalities occurs due to adrenal insufficiency due...

    Correct

    • Which of the following skin coloration abnormalities occurs due to adrenal insufficiency due to primary adrenal disease?

      Your Answer: Hyperpigmentation

      Explanation:

      Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism is an endocrine disorder. Hyperpigmentation is one of its most common signs; it occurs as a result of an increase in pro-opiomelanocortin to produce more ACTH in response to the decreased levels of cortisol. Pro-opiomelanocortin is a precursor of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates melanocytes, causing darkening of the skin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Compact/cortical bone makes up ...

    Incorrect

    • Compact/cortical bone makes up

      Your Answer: Inner layer of most bones and accounts for 80% of bone in the body

      Correct Answer: The outer layer of most bones and accounts for 80% of bone in the body

      Explanation:

      Cortical, lamellar, or compact bone, is more dense than spongy bone and it forms the rigid, outer layer of bones, also called cortex. It consists of packed osteons, with a central osteonic canal surrounded by concentric rings. Spaces called lacunae are filled with osteocytes, and channels called canaliculi go from the lacunae to the osteonic canal. The strength of cortical bone allows it to support the body and protect organs. It also stores different elements, such as calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      20.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion?

      Your Answer: Ghrelin

      Explanation:

      Ghrelin is a hormone which serves as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It acts on the pituitary and the hypothalamus by affecting the vagus nerve. It acts on the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary, GHRH-secreting neurons, and on GHIH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus, causing a time-dependent and pulsatile stimulation over the secretion of growth hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following is responsible for converting inactive cortisone to active cortisol...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is responsible for converting inactive cortisone to active cortisol in the adrenal gland?

      Your Answer: 11βHSD type 2

      Correct Answer: 11βHSD type 1

      Explanation:

      11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, also known as HSD-11β or 11β-HSD, is a group of enzymes which catalyse the interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      22.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Explanation:

      Dopamine has an important effect on the regulation of prolactin secretion. Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors of the lactotroph cells that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      12.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrinology (14/30) 47%
Medicine (14/30) 47%
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