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  • Question 1 - Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action...

    Incorrect

    • Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action potential produced by which of the following.

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Correct Answer: Calcium flux

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the SA and AV nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      18
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where does most fat digestion begin? ...

    Correct

    • Where does most fat digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine (in the duodenum). The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      1.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following best describes the cardiac muscle? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following best describes the cardiac muscle?

      Your Answer: Striated and involuntary

      Explanation:

      Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is an involuntary, striated muscle that is found in the walls and histological foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium. Cardiac muscle is one of three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The AV Node: ...

    Correct

    • The AV Node:

      Your Answer: It decelerates impulses passing to the ventricles

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx. The depolarization continues to conduct slowly through the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum. This is a small, bean-shaped. The atrial conductive system is organized so that the cardiac impulse does not travel from the atria into the ventricles too rapidly; this delay allows the atria to empty before ventricular contraction begins. It is the AV node and its adjacent conductive fibers that delay this transmission into the ventricles. Conduction through the AV Node is represented on the ECG by the PR interval.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      26.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function?

      Your Answer: Tight junctions

      Explanation:

      Tight junctions surround the apical margins of the epithelial cells such as in the intestinal mucosa and the choroid plexus. They are also important to the endothelial barrier function. They are made up of ridges that adhere to each other strongly at the cell junction, obliterating the space completely between the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The primary sensory cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The primary sensory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      2.1
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?

      Your Answer: Α2

      Explanation:

      The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except:

      Your Answer: Kidney

      Explanation:

      The portal vein receives blood from the intestines via the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, from stomach via the gastric veins and from the spleen and pancreas via splenic vein. The kidney is supplied by the renal artery and drains into the renal vein into the inferior venacava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Sinus bradycardia may be caused by disease of which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Sinus bradycardia may be caused by disease of which of the following:

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      Disease of the right coronary artery may cause sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - What is the role of cyclin and cyklin-dependent kinases in mitosis: ...

    Correct

    • What is the role of cyclin and cyklin-dependent kinases in mitosis:

      Your Answer: Phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes

      Explanation:

      There are certain regulators of the cell cycles that mediate progression through the cell cycle. These are cyclins and cyklin-dependent kinases (CDKs). They form a complex that phosphorylates protein involved in the cell cycle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Physiology
      13.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:...

    Correct

    • Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:

      Your Answer: I and V

      Explanation:

      Nociceptors are receptors of pain sensation. There are 2 primary afferent/sensory pain fibers which transmit impulses from the receptor to the CNS, specifically to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The two fibers are A δ and C fibers. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the relay centre for sensory information converging from the periphery. Grey matter of the dorsal horn is subdivided in to laminae based on cytoarchitecture. C fibers terminate in lamina II the substantia gelatinosa. A δ fibers terminate primarily in lamina I but some project more deeply to terminate in lamina V.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions:

      Your Answer: Trefoil peptides and mucus- bicarbonate layer.

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, a protein digesting enzyme. Bombesin is a peptide which stimulates gastrin secreting cells in the stomach increasing production of gastric acid. Ecl or enterochromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. Oxyntic cells are also known as parietal cells and are the main cells secreting gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl). Gastric acid and pepsin are harmful agents for the gastric mucosa and can result in autodigestion. It is therefore protected by several agents including bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of gastric acid while Trefoil peptides are a component of gastric mucosa that form a gel like layer in the gastric epithelium protecting it from harmful agents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A deficiency in Niacin leads to which clinical deficiency syndrome? ...

    Correct

    • A deficiency in Niacin leads to which clinical deficiency syndrome?

      Your Answer: Pellagra

      Explanation:

      Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhoea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first. Over time affected skin may become darker, stiff, begin to peel, or bleed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Metabolism
      • Physiology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following corresponds to an oblique line drawn from the sternal...

    Correct

    • Which of the following corresponds to an oblique line drawn from the sternal end of the left 3rd costal cartilage to the sternal end of the right 6th costal cartilage?

      Your Answer: Atrio-ventricular (coronary) groove

      Explanation:

      The AV groove corresponds to the right border of the heart. The right border corresponds to a line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage; this border is slightly convex to the right.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?

      Your Answer: Activation of outward K+ channels

      Explanation:

      Phase 0 is caused by the sodium current. Voltage gated sodium channels open leading to the influx of sodium into the cardiac muscle cell. Phase 1 is the rapid transient repolarization phase which is caused by the inactivation of the voltage gated sodium channels and opening of the voltage gated potassium channels along with opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 2 which is the plateau is caused by opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 4 is caused by closing of the slow calcium channels and opening of the potassium channels leading to efflux of potassium leading to the establishment of the resting membrane potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      54.1
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located? ...

    Correct

    • On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located?

      Your Answer: Chromosome 11

      Explanation:

      Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and usually, two pairs of copies of chromosome 11. It is one of the most complex, gene-rich chromosomes in the human genome, and it is associated with a number of diseases. Studies have shown they the human insulin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is: ...

    Correct

    • The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is:

      Your Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers: the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement. They release a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions thereby reducing transmission of impulses. These inhibitory functions enable purkinje cells to regulate and coordinate motor movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In the clotting mechanism, activation of factor IX can occur through the direct...

    Correct

    • In the clotting mechanism, activation of factor IX can occur through the direct actions of:

      Your Answer: Factor VIIa & XIa

      Explanation:

      Factor IX is processed to remove the signal peptide, glycosylated and then cleaved by factor XIa (of the contact pathway) or factor VIIa (of the tissue factor pathway). When activated into factor IXa, in the presence of Ca2+, membrane phospholipids, and a Factor VIII cofactor, it hydrolyses one arginine-isoleucine bond in factor X to form factor Xa. Factor IX is inhibited by antithrombin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Physiology
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The following are Gram-negative cocci: ...

    Correct

    • The following are Gram-negative cocci:

      Your Answer: Neisseria

      Explanation:

      Gram-negative cocci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), a meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis), and respiratory symptoms (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infectious Diseases
      • Physiology
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are: ...

    Correct

    • The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are:

      Your Answer: Dendric cells

      Explanation:

      Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol esters? ...

    Correct

    • Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol esters?

      Your Answer: LDL

      Explanation:

      LDL and HDL transport both dietary and endogenous cholesterol in the plasma, but LDL is the main transporter of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Metabolism
      • Physiology
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - With regards to P53, which statement is NOT true? ...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to P53, which statement is NOT true?

      Your Answer: Mutations in P53 have been found in almost all tumours

      Correct Answer: P53 is a RNA binding protein

      Explanation:

      P53 is a tumour suppressor gene. It is not an RNA binding protein. It has been implicated in almost all tumours. It regulates the progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle and is activated in response to damaged DNA.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Physiology
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise?

      Your Answer: Median eminence

      Explanation:

      The hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system connects the brain to the anterior pituitary. It is made up of two capillary beds, one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary. Blood from the plexus of the median eminence is carried by portal veins, draining into the cavernous and posterior intercavernous sinuses. This system delivers hypothalamic hormones to their target cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - A sarcomere is the area between ...

    Correct

    • A sarcomere is the area between

      Your Answer: Two adjacent z lines

      Explanation:

      The area that lies between the two adjacent Z lines is known as a sarcomere and is the contractile unit of the muscle. The line passing in the middle of the myosin filaments is the M line. It also passes through the middle of the sarcomere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune...

    Correct

    • Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?

      Your Answer: Dendritic cells

      Explanation:

      Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      10.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Transport of Iron into enterocytes occurs via which membrane transporter? ...

    Correct

    • Transport of Iron into enterocytes occurs via which membrane transporter?

      Your Answer: Divalent metal transporter 1(dmt1)

      Explanation:

      To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as haem protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+. A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Physiology
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps? ...

    Correct

    • Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps?

      Your Answer: C7

      Explanation:

      Of the nerve fibers that make up the brachial plexus, C7 mainly forms the radial nerve to innervate the triceps muscle, thus innervating the shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand. C7 is responsible for the triceps reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:...

    Correct

    • Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:

      Your Answer: Serca (sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase)

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban, which increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the SR, that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      32.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - What is pulse pressure? ...

    Correct

    • What is pulse pressure?

      Your Answer: Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

      Explanation:

      The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which ion channel does not contribute to the myocardial action potential? ...

    Correct

    • Which ion channel does not contribute to the myocardial action potential?

      Your Answer: Chloride channel

      Explanation:

      The upstroke in the cardiac action potential is due to opening of the sodium channels and an influx of sodium into the cell. The initial repolarization phase is due to transient opening of the potassium channels along with calcium channels. Influx of calcium causes the prolonged plateau phase of the action potential. Delayed opening of the rectifier potassium channel and delayed closure of the calcium channel leads to the repolarization phase of cardiac action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?...

    Correct

    • In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The liver is the organ which contains sinusoidal capillaries with discontinuous endothelium. The brain, lungs and the intestine all contain continuous capillaries, however the kidney contains fenestrated capillaries to aid in filtration.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?...

    Correct

    • The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?

      Your Answer: Increase in Ca, increase in phosphate

      Explanation:

      Bone and its metabolism are regulated by several hormones, amongst which is vitamin D. It is heavily involved in the metabolism and homeostasis of calcium and phosphate through several processes. Vitamin D works in the intestine, kidney, bone and parathyroid glands to maintain levels of calcium and phosphate, promoting its absorption, bone resorption, and proper functioning of the parathyroid to maintain adequate serum calcium levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - During strenuous exercise the following arterial change can take place in a fit...

    Correct

    • During strenuous exercise the following arterial change can take place in a fit athlete:

      Your Answer: No change takes place

      Explanation:

      The changes which occur in arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 values during exercise are usually small. Arterial PO2 often rises slightly because of hyperventilation although it may eventually fall at high work rates. During vigorous exercise, when sufficient oxygen for flux through the Krebs cycle is not available, the increased reliance on glycolysis results in increased accumulation of lactic acid, which initially leads to an increase in PaCO2 . However, this is counteracted by the stimulation of ventilation and as a result PaCO2 is decreased. This provides some respiratory compensation for further lactic acid production and prevents a decline in blood pH, which remains nearly constant during moderate exercise.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Generalized vasoconstrictors include: ...

    Correct

    • Generalized vasoconstrictors include:

      Your Answer: Norepinephrine, endothelin, angiotensin ii

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin, angiotensin II, adrenaline and endothelin are generalized vasoconstrictors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption,...

    Correct

    • In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption, what proportion of the cardiac output at rest goes to the brain?

      Your Answer: 10-15%

      Explanation:

      The rate of cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 millilitres per minute, which is 10-15% of the cardiac output. On average around 13.9% of cardiac output is distributed to the brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which caspase is part of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways? ...

    Correct

    • Which caspase is part of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways?

      Your Answer: Caspase-3

      Explanation:

      Once initiator caspases are activated in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway, they produce a chain reaction, activating several other executioner caspases (Caspase 3, Caspase 6 and Caspase 7).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Biology
      • Physiology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers? ...

    Correct

    • The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?

      Your Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their...

    Correct

    • Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their products?

      Your Answer: D cells and somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone is secreted form the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      25.9
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - What is the function of migrating motor complex ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of migrating motor complex

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Clears the gut of luminal contents in preparation of the next meal

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon. The MMC occurs every 90–120 minutes during the interdigestive phase (between meals), and is responsible for the rumbling experienced when hungry. It also serves to transport bacteria from the small intestine to the large intestine, and to inhibit the migration of colonic bacteria into the terminal ileum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      20.5
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - What is the three main structures in the portal triad ( portal space...

    Correct

    • What is the three main structures in the portal triad ( portal space )?

      Your Answer: Branch of hepatic artery, branch of portal vein, bile ductules

      Explanation:

      A portal triad (also known as portal field, portal area, or portal tract) is a distinctive arrangement in the liver. It is a component of the hepatic lobule. It consists of the following five structures:- Proper hepatic artery- Hepatic portal vein- Common bile duct- Lymphatic vessels- Branch of the vagus nerve

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Hepatobiliary
      • Physiology
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Oxygen enters blood from the alveoli by: ...

    Correct

    • Oxygen enters blood from the alveoli by:

      Your Answer: Passive diffusion

      Explanation:

      Oxygen enters blood from the alveoli by simple diffusion along a concentration gradient. Concentration of oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli are higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. So, oxygen moves from alveoli into blood via simple diffusion according to the concentration gradient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node? ...

    Correct

    • Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node?

      Your Answer: Left vagus

      Explanation:

      As the AV node develops from the left side of the embryo It is supplied by the left vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - Which statement is correct about the clinical state of methemoglobinemia? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement is correct about the clinical state of methemoglobinemia?

      Your Answer: May arise due to a hereditary deficiency of NADH.

      Explanation:

      Methaemoglobin is a form of haemoglobin that contains ferric [Fe3+] iron and has a decreased ability to bind oxygen. Spontaneously formed methaemoglobin is normally reduced by protective enzyme systems, e.g., NADH methaemoglobin reductase, hence a deficiency of NADH may result in increased levels of methaemoglobin

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Physiology
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:

      Your Answer: Influx of Ca++

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the: ...

    Correct

    • The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the:

      Your Answer: Neospinothalamic tract

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tract is an ascending or a sensory tract, responsible for transmission of pain and temperature. The neospinothalamic tract is responsible for fast pain or discriminative pain whereas the palaeospinothalamic tract is responsible for transmission of slow pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      16.8
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - A 19-year-old with a longstanding history of asthma presents to the ED with...

    Correct

    • A 19-year-old with a longstanding history of asthma presents to the ED with worsening symptoms of cough and wheeze and a peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurement is taken. Which statement concerning PEFR is true?

      Your Answer: PEFR is dependent upon the patient's height

      Explanation:

      The maximum flow rate generated during a forceful exhalation, after maximal inspiration is the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). PEFR is dependent upon initial lung volume. It is, therefore, dependant on patient’s age, sex and height. PEFR is dependent on voluntary effort and muscular strength of the patient. PEFR is decreased with increasing airway resistance, e.g. in asthma, and it correlates well with the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) value measured in spirometry. This correlation decreases in patients with asthma as airflow decreases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Angina pectoris develops when the flow through the coronary artery becomes: ...

    Correct

    • Angina pectoris develops when the flow through the coronary artery becomes:

      Your Answer: Oxygen deficient

      Explanation:

      Angina pectoris develops when stenosis ( >70%) of the artery occurs as a result of formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. This leads to a decrease in the O2 carried to the thickened heart muscle by the blood, leading to the characteristic chest pain associated with angina pectoris.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      56
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Embryologically the anterior pituitary is formed from? ...

    Correct

    • Embryologically the anterior pituitary is formed from?

      Your Answer: Rathkes pouch

      Explanation:

      The ectoderm, located in the roof of the pharynx, forms Rathke’s pouch, which comes into contact with the ectoderm of the developing brain. The pouch eventually separates from the pharynx, becoming the anterior pituitary.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Physiology
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during. ...

    Correct

    • Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during.

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Absolute refractory period (ARP): the cell is completely unexcitable to a new stimulus and occurs from phase 0 – 2 i.e. depolarisation, early repolarisation and plateau phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      47.2
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which of the following components regulate cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following components regulate cardiac output?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is regulated by the autonomic nervous system with sympathetic nerves having a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect and parasympathetic nerves having the opposite effect. An increase in preload will increase cardiac output likewise an afterload increase will also increase cardiac output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      5.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (16/17) 94%
Physiology (46/50) 92%
Gastrointestinal (4/5) 80%
Neurology (8/9) 89%
Genetics (1/2) 50%
Metabolism (2/2) 100%
Endocrinology (4/4) 100%
Haematology (3/3) 100%
Infectious Diseases (1/1) 100%
Immunology (2/2) 100%
Respiratory (3/3) 100%
Cell Biology (1/1) 100%
Hepatobiliary (1/1) 100%
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