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  • Question 1 - During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much...

    Correct

    • During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much as:

      Your Answer: 50%

      Explanation:

      Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Correct

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Endometrial gland proliferation

      Explanation:

      During follicular phase, there is an increase in gonadotrophin hormones and a proliferation of the endometrium occurs. The duration of the cycle depends upon the overall length of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone levels are increased in the luteal phase and not in follicular phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation:

      Your Answer: Regular cycle with dysmenorrhea

      Explanation:

      Ovulation in the menstrual cycle usually occurs over 4 days. There is an increase in basal body temperature at the time of ovulation due to the effect of progesterone.

      A high Day 21 progesterone level indicates ovulation and the release of an egg.

      Dysmenorrhea is described as painful menstruation. The symptoms start at the time of ovulation and persist till menstruation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Spinnbarkheit is a term which means: ...

    Incorrect

    • Spinnbarkheit is a term which means:

      Your Answer: Thinning of the cervical mucous

      Correct Answer: Threading of the cervical mucous

      Explanation:

      Spinnability (or Spinnbarkeit), which measures the capacity of fluids to be drawn into threads, represents an indirect measurement of the adhesive and elastic properties of mucus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      61
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is...

    Correct

    • During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is approximately:

      Your Answer: 10-15 kg

      Explanation:

      Institute of Medicine Weight Gain Recommendations for Pregnancy: Recommends a gestational weight gain of 16.8–24.5 kg (37–54 lb) for women of normal weight, 14.1–22.7 kg (31–50 lb) for overweight women, and 11.3–19.1 kg (25–42 lb) for obese women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Regarding amniotic fluid volume: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding amniotic fluid volume:

      Your Answer: Maybe predicted by ultrasound

      Explanation:

      Amniotic fluid can be measured with the help of ultrasound to gauge the amniotic fluid index. The normal value ranges between 8-18.
      Amniocentesis is a procedure by which amniotic fluid is removed. In rhesus disease, it appears yellow due to raised bilirubin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Correct

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      Wound healing is initiated when inflammation begins. Macrophages predominate after neutrophils and peak 3-4 days after inflammation begins. They destroy and phagocytose the organism and debris using enzymes. The next step is the resolution of inflammation and healing of the wound.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered...

    Correct

    • Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological

      Your Answer: Diastolic murmur

      Explanation:

      Diastolic murmurs should be considered pathological until proven otherwise. The following are common and typically benign findings in pregnancy: A third heart sound after mid-pregnancy. Systolic flow murmurs are common. Left axis deviation on ECG is common, Sagging ST segments and inversion or flattening of the T wave in lead III may also occur

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions? ...

    Correct

    • Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Suckling

      Explanation:

      Serum prolactin levels are increased during suckling. Some other conditions in which serum prolactin is increased consist of: prolactin secreting brain tumours, anti psychotic drugs and hypothyroidism. It can also be increased in pregnancy, nipple stimulation and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT: ...

    Correct

    • All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: IUGR

      Explanation:

      An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      24.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest: ...

    Correct

    • Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest:

      Your Answer: On the 3rd to 4th day postpartum

      Explanation:

      Prolactin is necessary for the secretion of milk by the cells of the alveoli. The level of prolactin in the blood increases markedly during pregnancy, and stimulates the growth and development of the mammary tissue, in preparation for the production of milk. However, milk is not secreted then, because progesterone and oestrogen, the hormones of pregnancy, block this action of prolactin. After delivery, levels of progesterone and oestrogen fall rapidly, prolactin is no longer blocked, and milk secretion begins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia with incidence rates in the UK approximately 30 per 100,000 The majority of patients are postmenopausal women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia?

      Your Answer: Type II (late) decelerations with tachycardia

      Explanation:

      A type II deceleration is due to placental insufficiency which can result in fetal distress and asphyxia. The fetal heart rate is lowest at the start of the contraction and returns to normal after the contraction is complete.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - When does ovulation occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • When does ovulation occur?

      Your Answer: Immediately after LH surge

      Correct Answer: 36 hours after LH surge

      Explanation:

      Ovulation occurs in the mid stage of the menstrual cycle, usually 36 hours after the LH surge. It is this LH surge which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      63.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at: ...

    Incorrect

    • The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at:

      Your Answer: 14 weeks of pregnancy

      Correct Answer: 10 weeks of pregnancy

      Explanation:

      During the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, concentrations of hCG in the blood and urine usually double every 24 hours. Levels of the hormone typically peak at around 10 weeks, decline until 16 weeks, then remain constant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following is probably responsible for physiologic hyperventilation during pregnancy? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is probably responsible for physiologic hyperventilation during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Increased progesterone production

      Explanation:

      Progesterone gradually increases during the course of pregnancy, from 25 ng⋅mL−1 at 6 weeks’ to 150 ng⋅mL−1 at 37 weeks’ gestation. Progesterone acts as trigger of the primary respiratory centre by increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide, as indicated by the steeper slope of the ventilation curve in response to alveolar carbon dioxide changes. Progesterone alters the smooth muscle tone of the airways resulting in a bronchodilator effect. It also mediates hyperaemia and oedema of mucosal surfaces, causing nasal congestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.5
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?...

    Correct

    • In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?

      Your Answer: Fibrin

      Explanation:

      The 1st stage of wound healing is haemostasis. Even in incised wounds a small haematoma forms. Here the clotting cascade is activated by tissue factor and endothelial cells resulting in activation of platelets. This results in platelet aggregation and the laying down of a fibrin mesh that is cross linked and holds the platelets in place.
      Wound healing is typically divided into phases:
      1. Haemostasis Phase
      2. Inflammatory phase
      3. Proliferation phase
      4. Remodelling phase

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days...

    Correct

    • The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days menstrual cycle is:

      Your Answer: Progesterone

      Explanation:

      After ovulation, the dominant follicle turns into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone. To confirm ovulation, serum progesterone or its metabolite in urine, can be measured. A single serum progesterone level >3 ng/ml in mid‐luteal phase has been used to retrospectively detect ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      The nutritional status of a woman before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy is a state of increased requirement of macro and micronutrients, and malnourishment or inadequate dietary intake before and during pregnancy, can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes. Many nutritional interventions have been proposed for pregnant mothers. These include multiple micronutrients (MMN), iron/folate, balanced protein energy, calcium, zinc and folic acid supplementation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia ...

    Correct

    • What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia

      Your Answer: 20%

      Explanation:

      20% of the patients with breast cancer will have hypercalcemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - In normal physiological changes in pregnancy, all of the following are increased, EXCEPT:...

    Correct

    • In normal physiological changes in pregnancy, all of the following are increased, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Peripheral resistance

      Explanation:

      The heart adapts to the increased cardiac demand that occurs during pregnancy in many ways:
      Cardiac output increases throughout early pregnancy, and peaks in the third trimester, usually to 30-50% above baseline.
      Oestrogen mediates this rise in cardiac output by increasing the pre-load and stroke volume, mainly via a higher overall blood volume (which increases by 40–50%).
      The heart rate increases, but generally not above 100 beats/ minute.
      Total systematic vascular resistance decreases by 20% secondary to the vasodilatory effect of progesterone. Overall, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure drops 10–15 mm Hg in the first trimester and then returns to the baseline in the second half of pregnancy.
      All of these cardiovascular adaptations can lead to common complaints, such as palpitations, decreased exercise tolerance, and dizziness

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increased blood volume and vasculature.
      Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis, which are normal.
      There is an increase in glomerular filtration rate associated with an increase in creatinine clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and urinary glucose excretion.
      There is also an increase in sodium retention from the renal tube so oedema and water retention is a common sign in pregnant women

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?...

    Correct

    • During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?

      Your Answer: Remodelling

      Explanation:

      Realignment of collagen is part of the remodelling phase. Remodelling is usually underway by week 3. Maximum tensile wound strength is typically achieved by week 12.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions? ...

    Correct

    • Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal atresia/TE fistula may be suspected prenatally with ultrasound findings of polyhydramnios, absence of fluid in the stomach, small sized abdomen, or the presence of a dilated proximal oesophageal pouch. An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual...

    Correct

    • A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual period on June 30th. Therefore the expected date of delivery (EDD) is approximately when the following year:

      Your Answer: 7-Apr

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery (EDD) is a calculated from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. If her periods are regular i.e., 28-day menstrual cycle, Naegele’s rule may be used. Naegele’s rule involves a simple calculation: add seven days to the first day of your LMP and then subtract three months. e.g. 30 June + 7 days = 7 July, minus 3 months = 7 April.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The resting pulse in pregnancy is: ...

    Correct

    • The resting pulse in pregnancy is:

      Your Answer: Increased by 10 to 15 bpm

      Explanation:

      During pregnancy cardiac output increases by 30 to 50%. As a result, the resting pulse speeds up from a normal of about 70 bpm to 80 or 90 bpm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following lung function values is unchanged in pregnancy? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following lung function values is unchanged in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: FEV1

      Explanation:

      FEV1 and FVC are unchanged. FEV1/FVC ratio remains the same in pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a...

    Correct

    • What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a new born term baby?

      Your Answer: 7.2

      Explanation:

      The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, and preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4. A pH below 7.1 therefore indicates acidosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is: ...

    Correct

    • Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is:

      Your Answer: Early abortion

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase defect is an ovulatory disorder of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common?

      Your Answer: Idiopathic

      Explanation:

      Maternal disorders, such as diabetes, in-utero infections, drug usage, placental abnormalities and fetal conditions as congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, Rh iso-immunization, and multiple gestations, are generally associated with polyhydramnios. Congenital abnormalities such as duodenal, oesophageal, or intestinal atresia of the foetus are the most common malformations that typically cause gastro-intestinal obstruction and interfere with fetal swallowing and/or absorption resulting with polyhydramnios. However, in about 70% of cases, none of the aforementioned aetiologies are causes of polyhydramnios, and it is referred to as idiopathic or isolated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - During pregnancy, maternal oestrogen levels increase markedly. Most of this oestrogen is produced...

    Incorrect

    • During pregnancy, maternal oestrogen levels increase markedly. Most of this oestrogen is produced by the:

      Your Answer: Adrenals

      Correct Answer: Placenta

      Explanation:

      The placenta does not have all the necessary enzymes to make oestrogens from cholesterol, or even progesterone. Human trophoblast lack 17-hydroxylase and therefore cannot convert C21-steroids to C19-steroids, the immediate precursors of oestrogen. To bypass this deficit, dehydroisoandrosterone sulphate (DHA) from the fetal adrenal is converted to estradiol-17ί by trophoblasts. In its key location as a way station between mother and foetus, placenta can use precursors from either mother or foetus to circumvent its own deficiencies in enzyme activities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.9
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Correct

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: High progesterone levels

      Explanation:

      Menstrual cycle can be divided into the follicular phase and luteal phase. In the luteal phase, there is an increase in progesterone secretion and LH levels are low. If the ova is fertilized, it is implanted in the endometrium. In case of failure in fertilization, there is gradual decrease in progesterone and LH levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Physiological changes in the reproductive system include: ...

    Correct

    • Physiological changes in the reproductive system include:

      Your Answer: The uterus 1st enlarges by hyperplasia then by hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      Although uterine growth during the first few weeks of pregnancy is accomplished by increased numbers of smooth muscle cells (i.e. hyperplasia) and a smaller contribution from increased cell size (i.e. hypertrophy), the predominant growth of the uterus during pregnancy is by way of stretch‐induced myometrial hypertrophy. This ongoing process of stretch‐induced tissue remodelling and smooth muscle hypertrophy is accompanied by the lack of uterine contractions during most of gestation to accommodate the developing foetus (phase 0 of parturition). Phase 1 of parturition represents myometrial activation. The final stages of pregnancy are characterized by increases in spontaneous low‐amplitude contractions that gradually increase in frequency, rhythmicity and strength, normally culminating in labour and delivery of the foetus at term (phase 2 of parturition).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is: ...

    Correct

    • Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is:

      Your Answer: All are correct

      Explanation:

      LH surge occurs around ovulation and it is this LH surge which results in completion of the 1st meiotic division and ovulation occurs. It enhances the production of androgens and also luteinizes the granulosa cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15.6
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates...

    Correct

    • During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates the extrinsic pathway?

      Your Answer: Tissue Factor

      Explanation:

      The extrinsic pathway is activated by the tissue factor, which converts factor VII to VIIa which later on converts factors X and II to their activated form finally leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibres.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Which of the following factors is fetal nutrition dependant on? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following factors is fetal nutrition dependant on?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Fetal nutrition is dependant upon multiple factors such as maternal nutritional state, quality of maternal diet, malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, metabolic rate of the mother or whether they suffer from malabsorption syndrome or other related conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - In normal pregnancy, the value of β-hCG doubles every: ...

    Correct

    • In normal pregnancy, the value of β-hCG doubles every:

      Your Answer: 2 days

      Explanation:

      During early pregnancy, hCG can be detected in the maternal serum as early as 6 to 8 days after fertilization. hCG levels are dynamically increased and doubled every 48 h in most normal pregnancies, and this pattern is similar in both in vivo or in vitro (IVF) conceptions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Regarding heart rate in pregnancy which of the following statements is true? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding heart rate in pregnancy which of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Heart rate increases by 15 beats per minute

      Explanation:

      The following cardiovascular changes occur during pregnancy:
      – Blood volume slowly increases by 40-50%
      – Heart rate rises by 15 beats/min above baseline
      – Stroke volume increases by 25-30%
      – Cardiac output increases by approximately 30-50%
      – Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases by 20-30%
      – Diastolic blood pressure consequently decreases between 12 and 26 weeks but increases again to pre-pregnancy levels by 36 weeks.
      As most of the changes occur in the first 12 weeks of gestation cardiac problems are likely to present in early pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is : ...

    Correct

    • The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is :

      Your Answer: 120-160 bpm

      Explanation:

      The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120-160 beats per minute in the uterine period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - What percentage of haemoglobin is HbF by 6 months of age? ...

    Incorrect

    • What percentage of haemoglobin is HbF by 6 months of age?

      Your Answer: 70-90%

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 week old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally. Only 2% of the haemoglobin is HbF.

      Embryonic Haemoglobin:
      Haemoglobin Gower 1 (HbE Gower-1)
      Haemoglobin Gower 2 (HbE Gower-2)
      Haemoglobin Portland I (HbE Portland-1)
      Haemoglobin Portland II (HbE Portland-2)

      Fetal Haemoglobin (haemoglobin F, HbF)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      117
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is usually caused by a tumour of the parathyroid gland. Symptoms are related to increased calcium levels which can cause kidney stones, abdominal groans, psychiatric overtones and bones disease such as osteoporosis,osteomalacia and arthritis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.5
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Which of the following statements is true regarding renal blood flow in pregnancy?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding renal blood flow in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Increases by approximately 50%

      Explanation:

      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rises immediately after conception and increases by about 50 per cent overall, reaching its maximum at the end of the first trimester. GFR then falls by about 20 per cent in the third trimester, returning to pre-pregnancy levels within 12 weeks of delivery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Has high specificity but low sensitivity

      Correct Answer: Has low specificity but high sensitivity

      Explanation:

      There are different ways of monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy. It can be done by just auscultation or by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring which is done with the help of an ultrasound machine and has a low specificity but high sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except? ...

    Correct

    • All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except?

      Your Answer: Anencephaly

      Explanation:

      Anencephaly means the missing of a particular portion of the scalp and brain tissue. The other factors listed are associated with umbilical cord prolapse like multiparity, twin birth, polyhydramnios, premature delivery, long umbilical cord or breech presentation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except:: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except::

      Your Answer: Is reversible for the maintenance of corpus luteum

      Correct Answer: It's level doubles every 48 hours in ectopic pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In normal pregnancy the levels of hCG doubles after every 48-72 hours but in case of ectopic pregnancy the levels of hCG are lower than the normal. It is produced by the placenta and its main role is nourishment of the egg after implantation. Its levels reached a peak at 8-10 weeks of pregnancy and after that the levels decreases for the remainder of pregnancy. In hydatiform mole and trophoblastic diseases its the main hormone for diagnosis of the disease because the levels are highly elevated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - If a sample of cervical mucus is taken on the 12th day of...

    Correct

    • If a sample of cervical mucus is taken on the 12th day of the menstrual cycle and examined under the microscope, what kind of findings would be observed?

      Your Answer: A fern pattern characteristic of oestrogen

      Explanation:

      Fern test looks for a specific fern like pattern of cervical mucus when observed under light microscope after the sample is dried. It occurs due to the presence of sodium chloride under oestrogen influence whereas progesterone opposes it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:...

    Correct

    • The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:

      Your Answer: Crown rump length

      Explanation:

      Fetal ultrasound scanning is considered an essential part of routine antenatal care with first trimester scans recommended for confirming viability, accurate estimation of gestational age and determining the number of foetuses. Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is measured in early pregnancy primarily to determine the gestation age (GA) of a foetus and is most reliable between 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation, but not beyond.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - What is the typical weight of a term uterus? ...

    Correct

    • What is the typical weight of a term uterus?

      Your Answer: 1200g

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood distributed to the intervillous spaces of the placentae, and 20 per cent to the uterine myometrium. Weight of the uterus increases from 50–60 g prior to pregnancy to 1000 g by term.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute? ...

    Incorrect

    • At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute?

      Your Answer: 300 to750 ml/min

      Correct Answer: 500 to 750 ml/min

      Explanation:

      The average volume of uterine blood flow at term is 500-750 ml/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH? ...

    Correct

    • Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?

      Your Answer: 7.18

      Explanation:

      A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - The second stage of labour involves: ...

    Incorrect

    • The second stage of labour involves:

      Your Answer: Dilation of the cervix

      Correct Answer: Expulsion of the foetus

      Explanation:

      First stage: The latent phase is generally defined as beginning at the point at which the woman perceives regular uterine contractions. A definition of active labour is having contractions more frequent than every 5 minutes, in addition to either a cervical dilation of 3 cm or more or a cervical effacement of 80% or more.

      Second stage: fetal expulsion begins when the cervix is fully dilated, and ends when the baby is born.

      Third stage: placenta delivery – The period from just after the foetus is expelled until just after the placenta is expelled is called the third stage of labour or the involution stage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.1
      Seconds

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Physiology (41/50) 82%
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