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  • Question 1 - Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function? ...

    Correct

    • Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function?

      Your Answer: Promotion of inflammation

      Explanation:

      Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumour cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The predominant site in the lymph node where B lymphocytes are found is:...

    Correct

    • The predominant site in the lymph node where B lymphocytes are found is:

      Your Answer: Cortex

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate. The cortex of the lymph node predominately consists of B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      84.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce...

    Correct

    • The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to an infected area is called:

      Your Answer: Chemotaxis

      Explanation:

      During an inflammatory process many cytokines are produced that act as chemokines to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation. These include bacterial products, IL-8, C5a and LTB4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      10.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by: ...

    Correct

    • Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by:

      Your Answer: Chemokines

      Explanation:

      The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells like neutrophils to the site of infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process? ...

    Correct

    • Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?

      Your Answer: Apoptosis

      Explanation:

      The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      18.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Cell mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Correct

    • Cell mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      11.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the neutrophil?

      Your Answer: Superoxide dismutase forms h2o2

      Correct Answer: NADPh oxidase

      Explanation:

      The respiratory burst is a rapid release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils and other phagocytes. This process is crucial for the destruction of pathogens. The key components and enzymes involved in the respiratory burst include:

      1. NADPH oxidase: This enzyme complex plays a central role in the respiratory burst by converting oxygen (O2) into superoxide anion (O2•-), a reactive oxygen species. This is the initial step in the production of various ROS.
      2. Superoxide dismutase (SOD): This enzyme converts superoxide anion (O2•-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While SOD is involved in the pathway, the respiratory burst is initiated by NADPH oxidase.
      3. Myeloperoxidase (MPO): This enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride ions (Cl-), which is a potent antimicrobial agent. Myeloperoxidase also produces other reactive species using halide ions.
      4. Catalase: This enzyme degrades hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). While catalase helps to protect the cell from oxidative damage by breaking down H2O2, it is not involved in the generation of ROS during the respiratory burst.
      5. Adenylate cyclase: This enzyme is involved in the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP and is not directly related to the respiratory burst.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - HLA class III genes encode for ...

    Correct

    • HLA class III genes encode for

      Your Answer: Complement

      Explanation:

      HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur? ...

    Correct

    • Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur?

      Your Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:...

    Incorrect

    • The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:

      Your Answer: Medulla

      Correct Answer: Paracortex

      Explanation:

      Paracortex is found between the cortex and the medulla and it is composed of a non-nodular type of arrangement that is mostly made up of T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are: ...

    Correct

    • The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are:

      Your Answer: Dendric cells

      Explanation:

      Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active...

    Correct

    • What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?

      Your Answer: Germinal centre

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?

      Your Answer: Eosinophils

      Correct Answer: Basophils

      Explanation:

      Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:

      Your Answer: They both have low-affinity receptors for IgE

      Correct Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions

      Explanation:

      Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by:

      Your Answer: IgE and mast cells

      Correct Answer: IgG, IgM & complement

      Explanation:

      In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies, IgG and IgM bind to antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary...

    Incorrect

    • Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary and secondary granules involved in killing and digesting microorganisms. With regard to defensins, they are:

      Your Answer: Aid in cell movement for phagocytosis

      Correct Answer: Naturally occurring cysteine-rich antibacterial and antifungal polypeptides

      Explanation:

      Cationic antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidins, provide important initial defences against invading microbes. These peptides bind the bacterial membrane and form pores, killing the bacterium by hypo-osmotic lysis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      15.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Arachidonic acid is converted to: ...

    Correct

    • Arachidonic acid is converted to:

      Your Answer: Prostaglandin H2

      Explanation:

      The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which is the primary lymphoid organ? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which is the primary lymphoid organ?

      Your Answer: Spleen

      Correct Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      Lymphoid organs consist of lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen and tonsils. The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ as it is the organ in which the T cells mature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize: ...

    Incorrect

    • In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize:

      Your Answer: The shape and the size of the antigen

      Correct Answer: The shape of the antigen

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein? ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein?

      Your Answer: Opsonises bacteria

      Explanation:

      There are various immune reactions that become activated once the barrier between the body and environment has been compromised. There are certain opsonins that bind to the bacteria and facilitate phagocytosis. One of them is the acute phase protein: C protein. others include antibodies and complement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune...

    Correct

    • Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?

      Your Answer: Dendritic cells

      Explanation:

      Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins? ...

    Correct

    • Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins?

      Your Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils are phagocytic and they are directed against helminths. Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and contain histamine and vasoactive granules in their cytoplasm. Mast cells are similar to basophils. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in the tissue, secret interleukins and are phagocytic. Neutrophils are phagocytic but are also responsible for secreting defensins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells? ...

    Correct

    • Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells are hepatic macrophages. They are responsible for 80% of the phagocytic activity in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Eosinophils provide immunity against ...

    Correct

    • Eosinophils provide immunity against

      Your Answer: Multi cellular parasites

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is ...

    Incorrect

    • The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is

      Your Answer: IgM

      Correct Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the...

    Correct

    • Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the first hour following injury?

      Your Answer: C-reactive protein

      Explanation:

      Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation. It correlates with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), however not always directly. This is due to the ESR being largely dependent on elevation of fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. This protein will therefore remain higher for longer despite removal of the inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6-8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity?

      Your Answer: Differentiated forms of B lymphocytes known as plasma cells

      Explanation:

      After the B cells have been activated by a certain antigens, they transform into plasma cells. These plasma cells are responsible for the generation of antibodies (or immunoglobulins Ig) which are also known as regulators of humoral immunity. There are fives classes of Ig: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and IgD

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      28.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?...

    Correct

    • Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?

      Your Answer: Lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      Lymph nodes are a lymphoid organ mostly consisting of lymphocytes: B cells in the cortex from where they mature and proliferate and T cells in the paracortex. The medulla is also composed of lymphocytes and macrophages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which cells are considered the source of IL-3? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells are considered the source of IL-3?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      IL-3 stimulates haematopoiesis and is secreted mainly from the T lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      19.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Cells mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Correct

    • Cells mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Natural killer cells have features of both innate and adaptive immunity. They play an important part in defence against tumours and viruses. They are non specific and do not generate immunological memory

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      8.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immunology (21/30) 70%
Medicine (21/30) 70%
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