00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Mins)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - A 40 year old woman, who is under anaesthesia for an elective procedure,...

    Correct

    • A 40 year old woman, who is under anaesthesia for an elective procedure, received an antibiotic injection. She immediately developed a rash and her airway constricted raising the airway pressure. Which mechanism is responsible for this reaction?

      Your Answer: Type I hypersensitivity

      Explanation:

      Type I hypersensitivity reaction is an immediate reaction that occurs due to binding of the antigen with antibodies attached to mast cells in a previously sensitized person. It has an immediate phase, which is characterised by vasodilation, leakage of plasma, smooth muscle spasm, or glandular secretions. This manifests in about 5-30 min and usually resolves within 60 mins. The delayed phase follows after 24 hours and can persist up to several days. It is due to infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and CD4+ cells and leads to tissue destruction. The nature of the reaction varies according to the site. It can take the form of skin allergy, hives, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma or food allergy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      23.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Regarding red blood cell group antigens and antibodies, which of the following statements...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding red blood cell group antigens and antibodies, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Approximately 10 red blood group antigens have been described.

      Correct Answer: Anti-D antibodies are usually IgG.

      Explanation:

      Approximately 400 red blood cell group antigens have been described. The ABO group antigens are unusual in that naturally occurring antibodies occur in the plasma of subjects who lack the corresponding antigen, even if they have not been exposed to that antigen previously. The most important of these natural antibodies are anti-A and anti-B, which are usually IgM. Anti-D antibodies don’t occur naturally, and are therefore immune antibodies that result from previous transfusions or pregnancy. Only IgG antibodies are capable of transplacental passage and the most important immune antibody is the Rh antibody, anti-D.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      45.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - A 42 year old women presents with end stage renal failure and is...

    Incorrect

    • A 42 year old women presents with end stage renal failure and is prepared to receive a kidney from her husband. HLA testing showed that they are not a 100% match and she is given immunosuppressant therapy for this. Three months later when her renal function tests were performed she showed signs of deteriorating renal function, with decreased renal output, proteinuria of +++ and RBCs in the urine. She was given antilymphocyte globulins and her condition reversed. What type of graft did this patient receive?

      Your Answer: Xenograft

      Correct Answer: Allograft

      Explanation:

      Allograft describes a graft between two of the same species. As the donor and the recipients are history-incompatible, rejection of the graft is common and is controlled by immunosuppressive drug therapy. Isograft and syngraft are synonymous and referred to a graft transferred between genetically identical individuals e.g. identical twins. In this case rejection is rare as they are history-compatible. Autograft refers to transfer of one part of the body to another location. Xenograft is transfer of tissue from another species e.g. pig to human in valve replacement surgeries and rejection is very high.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      64.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are: ...

    Incorrect

    • The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are:

      Your Answer: B lymphocytes

      Correct Answer: Dendric cells

      Explanation:

      Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      32.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following ABO blood groups is the universal recipient: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following ABO blood groups is the universal recipient:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: AB

      Explanation:

      Blood group AB has both A and B antigens but no antibodies and thus is the universal recipient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Eosinophils comprise what percentage of circulating white cells: ...

    Incorrect

    • Eosinophils comprise what percentage of circulating white cells:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 1 - 3%

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils comprise 1 – 3% of circulating white cells. Eosinophils are similar to neutrophils, except that the cytoplasmic granules are coarser and more deeply red staining, and there are rarely more than three nuclear lobes. They are less motile, but longer lived. They enter inflammatory exudates and have a special role in allergic responses, defence against parasites and removal of fibrin formed during inflammation. Thus they play a role in local immunity and tissue repair.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process? ...

    Incorrect

    • Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Apoptosis

      Explanation:

      The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize: ...

    Incorrect

    • In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The shape of the antigen

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      IgA is the major Ig in secretions, particularly from the gastrointestinal tract (but also in saliva, tears, sweat and breast milk). IgE is important for mast cell degranulation in allergic and antiparasitic response. In the allergic response, the plasma cell produces IgE-antibodies, which, like antibodies of other immunoglobulin isotypes, are capable of binding a specific allergen via its Fab portion. IgG is the most abundant in plasma (comprising 80% of normal serum immunoglobulin) and the main circulatory Ig for the secondary immune response.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following blood groups is the universal donor: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following blood groups is the universal donor:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: O

      Explanation:

      Blood group O has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and thus is the universal donor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?...

    Incorrect

    • Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      Lymph nodes are a lymphoid organ mostly consisting of lymphocytes: B cells in the cortex from where they mature and proliferate and T cells in the paracortex. The medulla is also composed of lymphocytes and macrophages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The following are all examples of type IV hypersensitivity EXCEPT for: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following are all examples of type IV hypersensitivity EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

      Explanation:

      Examples of type IV reactions includes: Contact dermatitis Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Primary biliary cholangitis Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) Chronic transplant rejection Granulomatous inflammation (e.g. sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The most important Complement protein for antigen opsonization is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The most important Complement protein for antigen opsonization is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: C3b

      Explanation:

      Phagocytosis is largely responsible for depletion of cells coated with antibodies. Cells opsonized by IgG antibodies are recognized by phagocyte Fc receptors, which are specific for the Fc portions of some IgG subclasses. In addition, when IgM or IgG antibodies are deposited on the surfaces of cells, they may activate the complement system by the classical pathway. Complement activation generates by-products, mainly C3b and C4b, which are deposited on the surfaces of the cells and recognized by phagocytes that express receptors for these proteins. The net result is phagocytosis of the opsonized cells and their destruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is ...

    Incorrect

    • The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function? ...

    Incorrect

    • Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Promotion of inflammation

      Explanation:

      Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumour cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following does NOT typically cause a neutrophil leucocytosis: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following does NOT typically cause a neutrophil leucocytosis:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Glandular fever

      Explanation:

      Causes of neutrophil leucocytosis: Bacterial infection Inflammation and tissue necrosis (e.g. cardiac infarct, trauma, vasculitis, myositis) Metabolic disorders (e.g. uraemia, acidosis, eclampsia, gout) Pregnancy Acute haemorrhage or haemolysis Neoplasms of all types Drugs (e.g. corticosteroid therapy, lithium, tetracyclines) Asplenia Myeloproliferative disorders (e.g. CML, essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis) Rare inherited disorders

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of these immunoglobulin molecules can cross the placenta? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of these immunoglobulin molecules can cross the placenta?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      An important mechanism that provides protection to the foetus is placental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies while his/her humoral response is inefficient. The only antibody class that significantly crosses the human placenta is IgG.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In all of the following conditions, lymphocytosis typically occurs except for: ...

    Incorrect

    • In all of the following conditions, lymphocytosis typically occurs except for:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Corticosteroid therapy

      Explanation:

      In infants and young children, lymphocytosis often occurs in response to infections that would normally produce a neutrophil reaction in adults. Lymphocytosis occurs in: 1. Viral infections (e.g. infectious mononucleosis, HIV, rubella, mumps, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex or zoster) 2. Bacterial infections (e.g. pertussis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, syphilis) 3. Chronic lymphoid leukaemias 4. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemias 5. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 6. Thyrotoxicosis

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune...

    Incorrect

    • Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Dendritic cells

      Explanation:

      Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Approximately what proportion of lymphocytes are B-cells: ...

    Incorrect

    • Approximately what proportion of lymphocytes are B-cells:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 0.2

      Explanation:

      B-cells (20% of lymphocytes) mature in the bone marrow and circulate in the peripheral blood until they undergo recognition of antigen. B-cell immunoglobulin molecules synthesised in the cell are exported and bound to the surface membrane to become the B-cell receptor (BCR) which can recognise and bind to a specific antigen (either free or presented by APCs). The BCR is also important for antigen internalisation, processing and presentation to T helper cells. Most antibody responses require help from antigen-specific T helper cells (although some antigens such as polysaccharide can lead to T-cell independent B-cell antibody production). When the B-cell is activated, the receptor itself is secreted as free soluble immunoglobulin and the B-cell matures into a memory B-cell or a plasma cell (a B-cell in its high-rate immunoglobulin secreting state). Plasma cells are non-motile and are found predominantly in the bone marrow or spleen. Most plasma cells are short-lived (1 – 2 weeks) but some may survive much longer. A proportion of B-cells persist as memory cells, whose increased number and rapid response underlies the augmented secondary response of the adaptive immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Basophils

      Explanation:

      Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - HLA class III genes encode for ...

    Incorrect

    • HLA class III genes encode for

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Complement

      Explanation:

      HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Regarding T helper cells, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding T helper cells, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: They form the vast majority (about 75%) of the total circulating T-cell population.

      Explanation:

      CD4+ T-cells (Helper T cells)Recognise antigen only in association with HLA class II molecules (found on antigen presenting cells (APCs) e.g. dendritic cells, B-cells; present exogenous antigens that have been phagocytosed/endocytosed into intracellular vesicles)Form most of the circulating T-cell population (about 75%)Secrete cytokines (e.g. IFN-gamma) which are required for recruitment and activation of other immune cells such as macrophages, T cytotoxic cells and NK cells and for the activation of and production of immunoglobulin from B-cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Eosinophils provide immunity against ...

    Incorrect

    • Eosinophils provide immunity against

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Multi cellular parasites

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Differentiated forms of B lymphocytes known as plasma cells

      Explanation:

      After the B cells have been activated by a certain antigens, they transform into plasma cells. These plasma cells are responsible for the generation of antibodies (or immunoglobulins Ig) which are also known as regulators of humoral immunity. There are fives classes of Ig: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and IgD

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary...

    Incorrect

    • Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary and secondary granules involved in killing and digesting microorganisms. With regard to defensins, they are:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Naturally occurring cysteine-rich antibacterial and antifungal polypeptides

      Explanation:

      Cationic antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidins, provide important initial defences against invading microbes. These peptides bind the bacterial membrane and form pores, killing the bacterium by hypo-osmotic lysis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells are hepatic macrophages. They are responsible for 80% of the phagocytic activity in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions

      Explanation:

      Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - A 43 year old lady suffering with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura has a splenectomy....

    Incorrect

    • A 43 year old lady suffering with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura has a splenectomy. She is advised to get the Pneumococcal vaccine booster every 5 - 10 years as Streptococcus pneumoniae has which of the following properties that make her prone to infection to this organism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is encapsulated

      Explanation:

      There is a lifelong susceptibility to increased risk of infection from a variety of organisms in patients with hyposplenism, especially in children under 5 years and those with sickle cell anaemia. Patients are most susceptible is to the encapsulated bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Neisseria meningitidis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is particular concerning as it can cause rapid and fulminant disease, which can be fatal. Malaria and animal bites that become infected also tend to be more severe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active...

    Incorrect

    • What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Germinal centre

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immunology (1/4) 25%
Pathology (1/3) 33%
Physiology (0/1) 0%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard