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  • Question 1 - Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process? ...

    Correct

    • Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?

      Your Answer: Apoptosis

      Explanation:

      The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains: ...

    Correct

    • The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains:

      Your Answer: Zn and Cu

      Explanation:

      The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains zinc and copper

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active...

    Correct

    • What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?

      Your Answer: Germinal centre

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:

      Your Answer: Both degranulate in response to histamine release

      Correct Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions

      Explanation:

      Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the...

    Correct

    • Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the neutrophil?

      Your Answer: NADPh oxidase

      Explanation:

      Catalase Degrades H2O2 to H20 and O2, Superoxide Dismutase Forms H2O2, Myeloperoxidase Converts Br/I/Cl to acids

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which is the primary lymphoid organ? ...

    Correct

    • Which is the primary lymphoid organ?

      Your Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      Lymphoid organs consist of lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen and tonsils. The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ as it is the organ in which the T cells mature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune...

    Correct

    • Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?

      Your Answer: Dendritic cells

      Explanation:

      Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce...

    Incorrect

    • The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to an infected area is called:

      Your Answer: Diapedesis

      Correct Answer: Chemotaxis

      Explanation:

      During an inflammatory process many cytokines are produced that act as chemokines to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation. These include bacterial products, IL-8, C5a and LTB4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the first hour following injury?

      Your Answer: Transferring

      Correct Answer: C-reactive protein

      Explanation:

      Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation. It correlates with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), however not always directly. This is due to the ESR being largely dependent on elevation of fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. This protein will therefore remain higher for longer despite removal of the inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6-8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - HLA class III genes encode for ...

    Incorrect

    • HLA class III genes encode for

      Your Answer: HLA-dr

      Correct Answer: Complement

      Explanation:

      HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur? ...

    Correct

    • Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur?

      Your Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Eosinophils provide immunity against ...

    Incorrect

    • Eosinophils provide immunity against

      Your Answer: Fungi

      Correct Answer: Multi cellular parasites

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function? ...

    Correct

    • Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function?

      Your Answer: Promotion of inflammation

      Explanation:

      Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumour cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins? ...

    Incorrect

    • Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins?

      Your Answer: Basophils

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils are phagocytic and they are directed against helminths. Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and contain histamine and vasoactive granules in their cytoplasm. Mast cells are similar to basophils. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in the tissue, secret interleukins and are phagocytic. Neutrophils are phagocytic but are also responsible for secreting defensins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which cells are considered the source of IL-3? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells are considered the source of IL-3?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      IL-3 stimulates haematopoiesis and is secreted mainly from the T lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?...

    Incorrect

    • Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?

      Your Answer: Eosinophils

      Correct Answer: Lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      Lymph nodes are a lymphoid organ mostly consisting of lymphocytes: B cells in the cortex from where they mature and proliferate and T cells in the paracortex. The medulla is also composed of lymphocytes and macrophages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?

      Your Answer: Monocytes

      Correct Answer: Basophils

      Explanation:

      Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Cell mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cell mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer: Plasma cells

      Correct Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:...

    Incorrect

    • The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:

      Your Answer: Marginal sinus

      Correct Answer: Paracortex

      Explanation:

      Paracortex is found between the cortex and the medulla and it is composed of a non-nodular type of arrangement that is mostly made up of T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize: ...

    Incorrect

    • In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize:

      Your Answer: The specific chemical composition and the shape of the antigen

      Correct Answer: The shape of the antigen

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary...

    Incorrect

    • Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary and secondary granules involved in killing and digesting microorganisms. With regard to defensins, they are:

      Your Answer: Involved in the breakdown of fibrous structures in the extracellular matrix

      Correct Answer: Naturally occurring cysteine-rich antibacterial and antifungal polypeptides

      Explanation:

      Cationic antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidins, provide important initial defences against invading microbes. These peptides bind the bacterial membrane and form pores, killing the bacterium by hypo-osmotic lysis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      33.5
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by:

      Your Answer: IgF

      Correct Answer: IgG, IgM & complement

      Explanation:

      In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies, IgG and IgM bind to antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The predominant site in the lymph node where B lymphocytes are found is:...

    Incorrect

    • The predominant site in the lymph node where B lymphocytes are found is:

      Your Answer: It is found equally in all parts of the lymph node

      Correct Answer: Cortex

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate. The cortex of the lymph node predominately consists of B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity?

      Your Answer: Memory T cells

      Correct Answer: Differentiated forms of B lymphocytes known as plasma cells

      Explanation:

      After the B cells have been activated by a certain antigens, they transform into plasma cells. These plasma cells are responsible for the generation of antibodies (or immunoglobulins Ig) which are also known as regulators of humoral immunity. There are fives classes of Ig: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and IgD

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Humoral immunity is a major defence against: ...

    Incorrect

    • Humoral immunity is a major defence against:

      Your Answer: Foreign or transplanted tissue

      Correct Answer: Viral infections

      Explanation:

      Humoral immunity is provided by the neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies that are formed from the B lymphocytes. This form of immunity is most important in viral infection. Non-neutralizing antibodies increases phagocytosis of the infected cell and inhibit the ability of the virus to replicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Arachidonic acid is converted to: ...

    Incorrect

    • Arachidonic acid is converted to:

      Your Answer: Arachidonate

      Correct Answer: Prostaglandin H2

      Explanation:

      The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is ...

    Correct

    • The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is

      Your Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The collection of genes that are termed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are...

    Incorrect

    • The collection of genes that are termed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are found on:

      Your Answer: On the human leukocyte antigens

      Correct Answer: Short arm of chromosome 6

      Explanation:

      Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA is the human form of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes found in all vertebrates. On a population level there is a great number of different alleles at each HLA locus on the short arm of chromosome 6

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are: ...

    Incorrect

    • The only APCs that can activate naive T lymphocytes are:

      Your Answer: B lymphocytes

      Correct Answer: Dendric cells

      Explanation:

      Only professional antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) are able to activate a resting helper T-cell when the matching antigen is presented. However, macrophages and B cells can only activate memory T cells whereas dendritic cells can activate both memory and naive T cells, and are the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

      Your Answer: Attack and destroy cells that have the antigen which deactivated them

      Correct Answer: Kill by inserting perforins and by initiating apoptosis

      Explanation:

      Cytotoxic T cells, once activated, approach the infected cell, insert perforins and release granzymes inducing apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Cells mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cells mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer: B lymphocytes

      Correct Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Natural killer cells have features of both innate and adaptive immunity. They play an important part in defence against tumours and viruses. They are non specific and do not generate immunological memory

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein? ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein?

      Your Answer: Opsonises bacteria

      Explanation:

      There are various immune reactions that become activated once the barrier between the body and environment has been compromised. There are certain opsonins that bind to the bacteria and facilitate phagocytosis. One of them is the acute phase protein: C protein. others include antibodies and complement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Which of the following cells are attracted to the surface of endothelium by...

    Correct

    • Which of the following cells are attracted to the surface of endothelium by selectins?

      Your Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Selectins are expressed on the surface of the endothelium. P selectins are released from weibel-palade bodies and E selectins are induced by cytokines (TNF and IL-1). They bind to receptors on the neutrophils called saiyl lewis X.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells?

      Your Answer: Kidneys

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells are hepatic macrophages. They are responsible for 80% of the phagocytic activity in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by:

      Your Answer: Peroxidases

      Correct Answer: Chemokines

      Explanation:

      The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells like neutrophils to the site of infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      1.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immunology (29/36) 81%
Medicine (29/36) 81%
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