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  • Question 1 - Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are true except:

      Your Answer: RFLP analysis is slow and cumbersome and is now largely obsolete

      Correct Answer: In knockout mouse models a gene is turned on through targeted mutation

      Explanation:

      In RFLP, polymorphism occurs in 98% of the non coding genome, resulting in no phenotypical change in the organism. A gene is not turned on by a mutation, rather the mutation at the restriction site will alter the DNA and the DNA will now form fragments of different lengths. PCR is a better technique than RFLP.

      A knockout, as related to genomics, refers to the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism. Scientists create knockout organisms to study the impact of removing a gene from an organism, which often allows them to then learn something about that gene’s function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      60.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A 62 year old female has complained she feels unsteady when she is...

    Incorrect

    • A 62 year old female has complained she feels unsteady when she is walking. She is examined and is found to have pyramidal weakness of her left lower leg. She also has reduced pain and temperature sensation on her right leg and right side of her torso up to the umbilicus. Her joint position sense is also impaired in her left big toe but is found to be normal elsewhere. She has definite left extensor plantar response, and the right plantar response is equivocal. Where is the lesion?

      Your Answer: Right mid-thoracic cord

      Correct Answer: Left mid-thoracic cord

      Explanation:

      In Brown-Sequard syndrome, there is paralysis and loss of proprioception, which occurs on the same (ipsilateral) side of the body, as the lesion. Loss of pain and temperature sensation, therefore, occurs on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body as the lesion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Geriatrics
      • Medicine
      74.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?...

    Incorrect

    • The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?

      Your Answer: Decrease in Ca, decrease in phosphate

      Correct Answer: Increase in Ca, increase in phosphate

      Explanation:

      Bone and its metabolism are regulated by several hormones, amongst which is vitamin D. It is heavily involved in the metabolism and homeostasis of calcium and phosphate through several processes. Vitamin D works in the intestine, kidney, bone and parathyroid glands to maintain levels of calcium and phosphate, promoting its absorption, bone resorption, and proper functioning of the parathyroid to maintain adequate serum calcium levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      43.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Myocardial oxygen consumption is increased by: ...

    Correct

    • Myocardial oxygen consumption is increased by:

      Your Answer: An increase in after load

      Explanation:

      Cardiac oxygen consumption is directly related to the amount of tension that develops in the ventricles. It is increased by an increased size of heart, increased afterload, increased contractility and increased heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      29.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes: ...

    Correct

    • Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:

      Your Answer: Influx of Ca++ & Na+

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which is NOT a prognostic factor for patients with malignant melanoma? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which is NOT a prognostic factor for patients with malignant melanoma?

      Your Answer: Surface ulceration

      Correct Answer: Diameter of melanoma > 6 mm

      Explanation:

      Features that affect prognosis are tumour thickness in millimetres (Breslow’s depth – the deeper the Breslow thickness the poorer the prognosis.), depth related to skin structures (Clark level – the level of invasion through the dermis), type of melanoma, presence of ulceration, presence of lymphatic/perineural invasion, presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (if present, prognosis is better), location of lesion, presence of satellite lesions, and presence of regional or distant metastasis. Malignant melanoma tends to grow radially before entering a vertical growth phase. The diameter it reaches has not been found to be a prognostic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Dermatology
      • Medicine
      62.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the? ...

    Incorrect

    • The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Hydrogen potassium ATPase

      Explanation:

      The rate limiting pump in HCl secretion is the H+/K+ ATPase pump.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following may be a feature of primary hyperaldosteronism? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following may be a feature of primary hyperaldosteronism?

      Your Answer: Hyponatraemia

      Correct Answer: Muscular weakness

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome is characterised by hypertension which may cause poor vision or headaches. Occasionally there may be muscular weakness, muscle spasms, tingling sensations, or excessive urination. Complications include cardiovascular disease such as stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and abnormal heart rhythms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Bone marrow barrier is important to: ...

    Incorrect

    • Bone marrow barrier is important to:

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Correct Answer: Allow mature red blood cells to pass into circulation

      Explanation:

      The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      30.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons?

      Your Answer: Serotonin

      Correct Answer: Nitric oxide

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Classically in the peripheral nervous system, it diffuses from a presynaptic nerve ending to the post synaptic effecter cell which is mainly smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which is the most common site for primary cardiac tumours to occur in...

    Incorrect

    • Which is the most common site for primary cardiac tumours to occur in adults?

      Your Answer: Right atrium

      Correct Answer: Left atrium

      Explanation:

      Myxomas are the most common type of primary heart tumour. The tumour is derived from multipotential mesenchymal cells and may cause a ball valve-type obstruction. About 75% of myxomas occur in the left atrium of the heart, usually beginning in the wall that divides the two upper chambers of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Vitamin K deficiency can be found in which of the following condition? ...

    Incorrect

    • Vitamin K deficiency can be found in which of the following condition?

      Your Answer: Pernicious anaemia

      Correct Answer: Cholestatic jaundice

      Explanation:

      Vitamin K1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K1 deficiency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - During strenuous exercise the PO2 of mixed venous blood is: ...

    Correct

    • During strenuous exercise the PO2 of mixed venous blood is:

      Your Answer: 25 mmHg

      Explanation:

      During strenuous exercise the PO2 of mixed venous blood is less than 30 mmHg.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Respiratory
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery...

    Incorrect

    • In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery which supplies the?

      Your Answer: Left ventricle

      Correct Answer: Posterior interventricular artery

      Explanation:

      Dominance of the coronary artery system is defined by the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. Dominance of the right coronary artery is more common (68%). It gives rise to the large posterior interventricular branch which goes down to the apex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except:

      Your Answer: Inversion

      Correct Answer: Lyonization (x-linked disorders)

      Explanation:

      All are true except for A) Lyonization which is the inactivation of the X chromosomes in a female. It is not a chromosomal abnormality.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      45.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is:

      Your Answer: Basal ganglia

      Correct Answer: Brain stem

      Explanation:

      The structures in the brainstem are more resistant to hypoxia than the cerebral cortex and the rest of the brain structures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      40.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The coronary arteries fill during? ...

    Correct

    • The coronary arteries fill during?

      Your Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure due to contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the subendocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following structures lie in close proximity to the thyroid? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structures lie in close proximity to the thyroid?

      Your Answer: The recurrent laryngeal nerves.

      Correct Answer: All of the options

      Explanation:

      The thyroid gland receives its blood supply from the inferior and superior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerves emerges from the superior thoracic outlet bounded in part by the thyroid lobe. Two pairs of parathyroid glands lie near the thyroid. The common carotid artery splits into its external and internal branches at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage; these branches are separated by the gland.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:...

    Correct

    • Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:

      Your Answer: Choroid plexus

      Explanation:

      About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G...

    Correct

    • During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?

      Your Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach

      Explanation:

      Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      46.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Genetics (0/2) 0%
Medicine (6/20) 30%
Geriatrics (0/1) 0%
Endocrinology (0/3) 0%
Cardiovascular (2/5) 40%
Neurology (2/2) 100%
Dermatology (0/1) 0%
Gastrointestinal (1/3) 33%
Haematology (0/2) 0%
Respiratory (1/1) 100%
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