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  • Question 1 - Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval ...

    Incorrect

    • Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval

      Your Answer: QRS

      Correct Answer: QT

      Explanation:

      The QT interval represents ventricular depolarization as well as ventricular repolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?

      Your Answer: Hypothermia

      Explanation:

      The following is a list of factors associated with an increased tendency toward torsades de pointes:- Hypokalaemia (low blood potassium)- Hypomagnesemia (low blood magnesium)- Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium)- Bradycardia (slow heartbeat)- Heart failure- Left ventricular hypertrophy- Hypothermia- Subarachnoid haemorrhage- Hypothyroidism

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in diastole?

      Your Answer: All chambers of the heart ( all of the above if you want )

      Correct Answer: Left ventricle

      Explanation:

      It is only during diastole that the blood flows to the subendocardial portion of the left ventricle, as the heart muscle relaxes and the coronary arteries regain their patency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle membrane?

      Your Answer: Promotes smooth muscle relaxation by opening the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Correct Answer: Massive K+ influx, increasing membrane potential, and shutting off the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Explanation:

      In vascular smooth muscles, Ca2+ influx via the voltage gated calcium channels increases the cytosolic calcium, as well as causing the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The high calcium concentration increases the activity of the calcium activated potassium channels. These are known as BK channels. Massive influx of potassium shuts off the voltage gated calcium channels and causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle.

      The large-conductance voltage and calcium-sensitive BK channel is important in many electrically active cells. Its unique sensitivity to both intracellular calcium levels and membrane potential makes it a key regulator of intracellular calcium, a critical second messenger in cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time? ...

    Correct

    • How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time?

      Your Answer: 1

      Explanation:

      1 molecule of myosin binds to actin at any give time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found? ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the left third intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart sound?

      Your Answer: Pulmonary hypertension

      Correct Answer: Aortic stenosis

      Explanation:

      Second heart sound (S2) forms the dub of lub-dub and is composed of components A2 and P2. •    loud: hypertension•    soft: AS•    fixed split: physiological split (normally occurs during inhalation), right bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where would one normally find venous valves? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one normally find venous valves?

      Your Answer: Saphenous vein

      Explanation:

      The intima of the limb veins is folded at intervals to form venous valves that prevent retrograde flow. There are no valves present in the very small veins, the great veins, or the veins in the brain and viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Hyperkalaemia [K+ =7meq/l] can lead to the following ECG changes [Ca++ normal] ...

    Correct

    • Hyperkalaemia [K+ =7meq/l] can lead to the following ECG changes [Ca++ normal]

      Your Answer: Peaked T waves

      Explanation:

      Hyperkalaemia causes the formation of tall tented T waves due to altered repolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body)...

    Incorrect

    • The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body) per unit time is = (the arterial level - the venous level) * the blood flow. This statement describes?

      Your Answer: The stroke volume

      Correct Answer: The Fick principle

      Explanation:

      The essence of the Fick principle is that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:- Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time- Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ- Concentration of marker substance in venous blood leaving the organ

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle...

    Incorrect

    • In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle contraction at high degrees of stretch is due to:

      Your Answer: A relative deficiency of ATP molecules to supply all the actin and myosin cross bridges formed

      Correct Answer: Disruption of myocardial fibers

      Explanation:

      Starling law states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the preload. When the heart muscle is stretched beyond its limit the tension that is developed decreases, this is not due to loss of formation of effective myosin and actin cross bridges. The heart muscles despite being fully stretched is never stretched to this point. The reason for this decreased tension is physical disruption of the myocardial fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement:

      Your Answer: Depolarisation spreads rapidly through the individual fibers due to the presence of gap junctions

      Correct Answer: Repolarisation is due to net k+ influx

      Explanation:

      Final repolarization (phase 3) to the resting membrane potential (phase 4) is due to closure of the Ca2+ channels and a slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      1.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Currents caused by opening of which of the following channels contribute to the...

    Incorrect

    • Currents caused by opening of which of the following channels contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential of the ventricular muscle fibers?

      Your Answer: Chloride channels

      Correct Answer: Potassium channels

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to opening of the voltage gated sodium channels. Repolarization occurs due to opening of the voltage gates potassium channels causing an out flux of potassium ions, decreasing the membrane potential towards resting potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.5
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The posterior aspect of the interventricular septum is supplied by: ...

    Incorrect

    • The posterior aspect of the interventricular septum is supplied by:

      Your Answer: Both the left and right coronary artery

      Correct Answer: A branch of the right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The posterior aspect of the heart is supplied by the posterior interventricular artery which is a branch of the right coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound?

      Your Answer: Elevated diastolic pressure in the aortic and pulmonary artery

      Correct Answer: Ventricular hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle in atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.3
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - What is cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Product of stroke volume and peripheral resistance

      Correct Answer: Product of stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each...

    Incorrect

    • The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each year is:

      Your Answer: 0.1 per 1000

      Correct Answer: 1 per 1000

      Explanation:

      About 1 in 1000 adults per year has DVT, but as of 2011, available data is dominated by North American and European populations. DVT is rare in children, with an incidence of about 1 in 100,000 a year. From childhood to old age, incidence increases by a factor of about 1000, with almost 1% of the elderly experiencing DVTs yearly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Myocardial contractility is improved by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardial contractility is improved by:

      Your Answer: Hypoxia

      Correct Answer: Caffeine

      Explanation:

      Caffeine and other theophyllines breakdown cAMP and have a positive ionotropic effect on the heart. Drugs like quinidine, procainamide and conditions like hypoxia and hypercapnia decreases the contractility of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Tunica intima is made up of? ...

    Incorrect

    • Tunica intima is made up of?

      Your Answer: Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

      Correct Answer: Endothelial cells

      Explanation:

      Tunica intima is a single cell thick lining of endothelial cells that lines the inside of the blood vessels. It is the inner most layer of the blood vessel.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Isovolumetric ventricular contraction lasts for? ...

    Correct

    • Isovolumetric ventricular contraction lasts for?

      Your Answer: 0,05 s

      Explanation:

      Isovolumetric contraction lasts for about 0.05 seconds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hypoxia

      Explanation:

      The heart is highly metabolically active and boasts the highest oxygen consumption by mass of any organ. This demand for oxygen is met by the coronary circulation, which is responsible for delivering blood to the myocardium and represents approximately 5% of cardiac output. Vasodilation may be due to the local effect of hypoxia on coronary vessels, or local metabolic vasodilation, or the activation of β-adrenoceptors or some combination of these mechanisms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which vaso metabolite decreases coronary blood flow? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which vaso metabolite decreases coronary blood flow?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Endothelin

      Explanation:

      Decreased O2, increased CO2, lactate, prostaglandins, adenine nucleotides, adenosine, H+, K+ and cyanide produce vasodilation and thus an increase in coronary blood flow.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Shortened by sympathetic stimulation

      Explanation:

      AV nodal delay Is about 0.1s before the action potential spreads to the ventricles. It is shortened by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and lengthened by stimulation of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: They are released in response to hypervolemia

      Explanation:

      Natriuretic hormones are vasodilators released in response to hypervolemia.

      Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides NPs (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids. These substances induce the kidney to excrete sodium and therefore participate in the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis, blood volume, and blood pressure (BP). In addition to their peripheral functions, these hormones act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain.

      Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by inducing natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney, inhibiting renin secretion, aldosterone production, and promoting vasorelaxation.  Two paracrine factors derived from endothelial cells play important roles in modulating ANP secretion. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates ANP secretion and augments stretch induced ANP secretion. The dramatic increase in ANP release produced by cardiac ischemia appears to be mediated in part by endothelin. Nitric oxide (NO), an important vasodilator, is also produced by endothelial cells and inhibits ANP secretion.

      Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) shares ANP’s receptor but is primarily associated with antifibrotic effects in ventricular remodeling, serving as a biomarker for heart failure and myocardial infarction.

      C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts locally in an autocrine/paracrine manner, exerting potent cardiovascular effects, including vasorelaxation and vascular remodeling post-injury. NPs also demonstrate diverse effects beyond cardiovascular and renal systems, such as bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory actions, and metabolic effects on adipose tissue and long bones.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 2nd left costal to 3rd right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The base of the heart, also known as the superior border of the heart corresponds to a line connecting the inferior border of the 2nd left costal cartilage to the superior border of the 3rd right costal cartilage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The branche(s) of the left coronary artery include: ...

    Incorrect

    • The branche(s) of the left coronary artery include:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Left circumflex artery & anterior interventricular artery

      Explanation:

      The left main coronary divides into branches:

      1. The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.

      2. The circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and encircles the heart muscle.

      The anterior interventricular artery is otherwise known as the anterior descending branch. The posterior descending artery comes from Right coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The celiac trunk consists of which arteries? ...

    Incorrect

    • The celiac trunk consists of which arteries?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

      Explanation:

      The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length. Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). There are three main divisions of the celiac artery:- left gastric artery- common hepatic artery- splenic artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The bradycardia that occurs in patients with raised intracranial pressure is a result...

    Incorrect

    • The bradycardia that occurs in patients with raised intracranial pressure is a result of the?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cushing reflex

      Explanation:

      When intracranial pressure is increased, the blood supply to RVLM neurons is compromised. This results in an increase in their discharge as a result of hypoxia and hypercapnia. The resultant rise in systemic arterial pressure (Cushing reflex) tends to restore the blood flow to the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - In ventricular fibrillation (VF), the first defibrillation attempt (with a biphasic defibrillator) should...

    Incorrect

    • In ventricular fibrillation (VF), the first defibrillation attempt (with a biphasic defibrillator) should be made at:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 200 J

      Explanation:

      Defibrillation is a common treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. If the patient is in Ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) on the monitor, immediately apply the pads and shock the patient with 120-200 Joules on a biphasic defibrillator or 360 Joules on a monophasic defibrillator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface...

    Incorrect

    • The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface of the chest?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The right border corresponds to a line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage; this border is slightly convex to the right.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (6/20) 30%
Medicine (6/20) 30%
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