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  • Question 1 - The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers? ...

    Correct

    • The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?

      Your Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column?

      Your Answer: Non discriminative touch

      Correct Answer: Proprioception/ discriminative touch

      Explanation:

      The posterior grey column (dorsal column) is responsible for carrying the sensation of proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration to the nucleus proprius, situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      18.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is:

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers: the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement. They release a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions thereby reducing transmission of impulses. These inhibitory functions enable purkinje cells to regulate and coordinate motor movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Where is the M1 receptor mainly found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the M1 receptor mainly found?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

      Explanation:

      M1 receptors are found in the sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:
      General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior ear
      General visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.
      General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.
      Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles
      Special visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor...

    Incorrect

    • The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: mGluR4

      Explanation:

      Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…? ...

    Incorrect

    • Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Trigeminal nerve

      Explanation:

      The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers carry impulses from viscera to the central nervous system. The cranial nerves that contain GVA fibers include the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:...

    Incorrect

    • Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: I and V

      Explanation:

      Nociceptors are receptors of pain sensation. There are 2 primary afferent/sensory pain fibers which transmit impulses from the receptor to the CNS, specifically to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The two fibers are A δ and C fibers. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the relay centre for sensory information converging from the periphery. Grey matter of the dorsal horn is subdivided in to laminae based on cytoarchitecture. C fibers terminate in lamina II the substantia gelatinosa. A δ fibers terminate primarily in lamina I but some project more deeply to terminate in lamina V.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitreous humor

      Explanation:

      The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The primary sensory cortex is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary sensory cortex is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:
      Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2
      Primary Motor 4
      Premotor 6
      Primary Visual 17
      Primary Auditory 41
      Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia are the smallest of the neuroglial cells in the nervous system. They are scattered throughout the central nervous system and have phagocytic properties.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The motor speech area (Brocas Area) is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The motor speech area (Brocas Area) is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 44

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:
      Primary Sensory 3,1,2
      Primary Motor 4
      Premotor 6
      Primary Visual 17
      Primary Auditory 41
      Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Habituation… ...

    Incorrect

    • Habituation…

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Is a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times

      Explanation:

      It is a simple form of learning where an organism decreases or ceases it’s response to a certain stimuli after repeated presentation. The organisms learns to stop responding to a stimulus which is no longer biologically relevant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual...

    Incorrect

    • The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual reflexes.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Superior colliculus

      Explanation:

      The tectum is a part of the midbrain, specifically, the dorsal part of the midbrain. The tectum consists of the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system. Monoamine neurotransmitters contain only one amino group joined to an aromatic ring. Acetylcholine is produced from acetyl-CoA and choline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Noradrenalin

      Explanation:

      Noradrenalin Is the neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division. It is stored in granules at the sympathetic knobs. It Is a methyl derivative.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Regarding the innervation of cerebral blood vessels, which of the following triggers a...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the innervation of cerebral blood vessels, which of the following triggers a vasoconstrictor effect?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Neuropeptide-Y

      Explanation:

      Substance P is a potent vasodilator, VIP or vasoactive intestinal peptide has vasodilator properties in the intestines. PHM 27 is a potent calcitonin receptor agonist; endogenous analogue of human VIP. CGRP or Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide is a vasodilator which is found to play an important role in migraines. Neuropeptide Y is a strong vasoconstrictor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly? ...

    Incorrect

    • The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: C fibers

      Explanation:

      According to Erlanger- Grasser classification preganglionic fibers are B fibers whereas post ganglionic fibers are C fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Regarding gustatory sensation: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding gustatory sensation:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

      Explanation:

      There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Astrocyte

      Explanation:

      Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called: ...

    Incorrect

    • An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hyperalgesia

      Explanation:

      Allodynia is sensation of pain following non-painful stimulation.
      Hyperalgesia is enhanced intensity of pain sensation.
      Causalgia is a constant burning pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury.
      Hyperesthesia is the abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of sense.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?...

    Incorrect

    • In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Putamen and Globus pallidus

      Explanation:

      The Basal Ganglia are composed of the following structures: Caudate, putamen, Globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. The lentiform nucleus comprises of the putamen and the Globus pallidus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain following which environmental conditions?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pineal gland, darkness

      Explanation:

      Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland located in the midline attached to the posterior roof of the third ventricle in the brain. Melatonin affects circadian rhythm in the body or the sleep wake cycle. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin and the rate limiting enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin is low during the day time and reaches its peak during the night.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter? ...

    Incorrect

    • The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance...

    Incorrect

    • Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance can be present in the lowest concentration before taste buds will respond?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Strychnine hydrochloride (bitter)

      Explanation:

      The lowest concentration of a gustatory stimulus to which the taste buds respond is considered to be the threshold concentration for that substance. The threshold concentration for strychnine is 0.0001 mm; this is because it allows the body to detect potentially dangerous substances (bitter plant components) at lower concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Parietal lobe : primary somatosensory cortex

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract.
      Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve.
      Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion.
      Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area.
      Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Edinger-Westphal nucleus

      Explanation:

      The consensual light reflex occurs when an individual’s right eye is shielded and light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will occur, as well as the left. This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which...

    Incorrect

    • The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which participates in:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sensory, motor and limbic

      Explanation:

      The thalamus has multiple functions. It is the relay station for every sensory system (except olfactory, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and consciousness and also relays motor information.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      0
      Seconds

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Neuro-anatomy (1/3) 33%
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