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  • Question 1 - The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each...

    Incorrect

    • The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each year is:

      Your Answer: 5 per 1000

      Correct Answer: 1 per 1000

      Explanation:

      About 1 in 1000 adults per year has DVT, but as of 2011, available data is dominated by North American and European populations. DVT is rare in children, with an incidence of about 1 in 100,000 a year. From childhood to old age, incidence increases by a factor of about 1000, with almost 1% of the elderly experiencing DVTs yearly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Depolarization of the T tubule membrane activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum via which receptors?...

    Incorrect

    • Depolarization of the T tubule membrane activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum via which receptors?

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptors

      Correct Answer: Dihydropyridine receptors

      Explanation:

      Action potentials are transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ form the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors. They are voltage gated calcium channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient? ...

    Correct

    • How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient?

      Your Answer: Increased cardiac output due to increase in heart rate and stroke volume

      Explanation:

      Cardiac Output increases to a similar degree as the blood volume. During the first trimester cardiac output is 30-40% higher than in the non-pregnant state. Steady rises are shown on Doppler echocardiography, from an average of 6.7 litres/minute at 8-11 weeks to about 8.7 litres/minute flow at 36-39 weeks; they are due, primarily, to an increase in stroke volume (35%) and, to a lesser extent, to a more rapid heart rate (15%). There is a steady reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) which contributes towards the hyperdynamic circulation observed in pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans?

      Your Answer: It is found in patients with a small pericardial effusion

      Correct Answer: It is found in association with a third heart sound

      Explanation:

      Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. A pathological third heart sound is usually associated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Correct

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      48.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface...

    Correct

    • The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface of the chest?

      Your Answer: Line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The right border corresponds to a line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage; this border is slightly convex to the right.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      29.6
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is:

      Your Answer: Inferior colliculus

      Correct Answer: Brain stem

      Explanation:

      The structures in the brainstem are more resistant to hypoxia than the cerebral cortex and the rest of the brain structures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery...

    Correct

    • In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery which supplies the?

      Your Answer: Posterior interventricular artery

      Explanation:

      Dominance of the coronary artery system is defined by the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. Dominance of the right coronary artery is more common (68%). It gives rise to the large posterior interventricular branch which goes down to the apex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium...

    Correct

    • Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium that helps to initiate contraction?

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps initiate contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Protein kinase a

      Correct Answer: Guanylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Impaired production or excess catabolism of NO impairs this endothelium-dependent vasodilator function and may contribute to excessive vasoconstriction under various pathological situations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Xanthines such as caffeine and theophylline are positively inotropic due to: ...

    Correct

    • Xanthines such as caffeine and theophylline are positively inotropic due to:

      Your Answer: Inhibition of cAMP breakdown

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contractions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      47.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What type of intercellular connection found between cardiac muscle fibers allow for the...

    Correct

    • What type of intercellular connection found between cardiac muscle fibers allow for the spread of excitation from one cell to another?

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in-between the cells. They form low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following? ...

    Incorrect

    • Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following?

      Your Answer: Stroke volume

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      There is a correlation between resting CO and body surface area. The output per min per square meter of body surface (the cardiac index) averages 3.2l.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The steps of cardiac cycle in sequence are: ...

    Incorrect

    • The steps of cardiac cycle in sequence are:

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

      Correct Answer: Isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling.

      Explanation:

      The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause.1st stage: diastole, or passive filling is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. 2nd stage: atrial systole, is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle (active filling).3rd stage: isovolumic contraction is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. 4th stage: ventricular ejection, is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. 5th stage: isovolumic relaxation time, pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      124.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following is NOT true of the parasympathetic control of the...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT true of the parasympathetic control of the heart?

      Your Answer: It can be blocked by beta blockers

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic fibers do not innervate the Beta receptors on the heart. They are innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. Then a beta blocker such as propranolol will block the sympathetic outflow and increase the parasympathetic tone of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”?

      Your Answer: Sinoatrial node

      Explanation:

      There are 2 main types of action potentials (AP) in the heart, the slow response and the fast response:The slow response is initiated by the slow calcium-sodium channels, found in the SA node (which is the natural pacemaker of the heart) and the conduction fibers of the AV node.The fast response occurs in the atrial and ventricles muscle cells and the purkinje fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.5
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Starling method

      Correct Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during. ...

    Correct

    • Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during.

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Absolute refractory period (ARP): the cell is completely unexcitable to a new stimulus and occurs from phase 0 – 2 i.e. depolarisation, early repolarisation and plateau phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Where are the baroreceptors of the great arteries located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the baroreceptors of the great arteries located?

      Your Answer: In the endothelium

      Correct Answer: In the adventitia

      Explanation:

      Baroreceptors are located in the adventitia of the great arteries.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular...

    Correct

    • Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular cell growth?

      Your Answer: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

      Explanation:

      VEGF is produced by the endothelial cells and is the major growth factor responsible for causing vasculogenesis. Some isoforms of this growth factor also have a prominent role in formation of lymphatic vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly...

    Incorrect

    • Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly during:

      Your Answer: Systole

      Correct Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      The sub endocardium receives the least amount of blood from the coronary arteries. During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure from contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the sub endocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by...

    Correct

    • The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by all the following except:

      Your Answer: Cardiac output

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output has no effect on the depolarization of the pacemaker potential of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      27.2
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - What is the isolated effect of B2 stimulation on the coronaries. ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the isolated effect of B2 stimulation on the coronaries.

      Your Answer: No effect net effect

      Correct Answer: Vasodilatation

      Explanation:

      Norepinephrine and epinephrine are agonists for all adrenergic receptor subtypes, although with varying affinities. Based on their physiology and pharmacology, adrenergic receptors have been divided into two principal types: alpha and beta. These types have been further differentiated into alpha-1, alpha-2, b1, and b2 receptors. Alpha-1 Receptors are located on postsynaptic cells in smooth muscle and elicit vasoconstriction. alpha-2 Receptors are localized on presynaptic membranes of postganglionic nerve terminals that synthesize norepinephrine. When activated by catecholamines, alpha-2 receptors act as negative feedback controllers, inhibiting further norepinephrine release. Activation of myocardial b1 receptors stimulates the rate and strength of cardiac contraction, and consequently increases cardiac output. b1 Receptor activation also stimulates renin release from the kidney. Another class of antihypertensive agents acts by inhibiting b1 receptors. Activation of b2 receptors by epinephrine relaxes vascular smooth muscle and results in vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      55.3
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the aortic valve located?

      Your Answer: Opposite the left upper sternal border in the 2nd intercostal space

      Correct Answer: Opposite the left 3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      41
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery? ...

    Incorrect

    • The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery?

      Your Answer: Left main coronary artery

      Correct Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, SA and AV nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      158
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - All of the following are consistent with the indicator dilution method except--- ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following are consistent with the indicator dilution method except---

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In thermodilution, the indicator used is warm saline

      Explanation:

      In thermodilution, the indicator used is cold saline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Activation of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells is triggered by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells is triggered by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine, histamine, bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and shear stress on the endothelial cells causing the release of NO. NO is formed from arginine and causes vasodilatation of the blood vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are responsible for the 4th heart sound?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ventricular hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle in atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A stenotic aortic valve

      Explanation:

      In aortic valve stenosis, increased ventricular pressure Is needed to expel the blood into the aorta. Increased pressure means increased contractility hence increase O2 consumption by the heart muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 130 ml

      Explanation:

      The end diastolic volume in a healthy individual is about 130 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Prolonged QT interval

      Explanation:

      Digoxin ECG features:•    ST depression (‘reverse tick’)•    flattened/inverted T waves•  Prolonged PR interval•    short QT interval•    arrhythmias e.g. AV block, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (for example paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A-V block – so-called PAT with block) is said to be pathognomonic (i.e. diagnostic) of digoxin toxicity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Which of the following is NOT an effect of a positive inotropic agent...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT an effect of a positive inotropic agent on the heart?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It decreases the rate of rise in ventricular blood pressure during systole

      Explanation:

      Inotropic agents increase the contractility of the heart as well as the rate of rise in ventricular blood pressure during systole, generating a greater pressure and increasing the stroke volume e.g. like catecholamines do.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves? ...

    Incorrect

    • Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Aortic

      Explanation:

      The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip (the incisure or dicrotic notch) which coincides with the aortic valve closure. The dip in the graph is immediately followed by a brief rise (the dicrotic wave) then gradual decline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: -90mv

      Explanation:

      The resting membrane potential of the mammalian heart is about -90 mv.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - A sarcomere is the area between ...

    Incorrect

    • A sarcomere is the area between

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Two adjacent z lines

      Explanation:

      The area that lies between the two adjacent Z lines is known as a sarcomere and is the contractile unit of the muscle. The line passing in the middle of the myosin filaments is the M line. It also passes through the middle of the sarcomere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The following contributes to the rate of depolarization? ...

    Incorrect

    • The following contributes to the rate of depolarization?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to impulses generated by the SA node. As the heart beats to the rhythm of the SA node, certain factors will effect the rate of depolarization. All the above mentioned options effect the rate of depolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - The coronary sinus drains into the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary sinus drains into the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the...

    Incorrect

    • Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Phospholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Shortened by sympathetic stimulation

      Explanation:

      AV nodal delay Is about 0.1s before the action potential spreads to the ventricles. It is shortened by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and lengthened by stimulation of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - The celiac trunk consists of which arteries? ...

    Incorrect

    • The celiac trunk consists of which arteries?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

      Explanation:

      The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length. Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). There are three main divisions of the celiac artery:- left gastric artery- common hepatic artery- splenic artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the? ...

    Incorrect

    • The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Left anterior descending artery

      Explanation:

      The anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the interventricular septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - The internodal tract of Bachman: ...

    Incorrect

    • The internodal tract of Bachman:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Connects the SA node to the AV node

      Explanation:

      Internodal tract of Bachman connects the SA node to the AV node conducting the electrical impulses generated from the SA node to the AV node and from the AV node to the rest of the electrical complex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval ...

    Incorrect

    • Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: QT

      Explanation:

      The QT interval represents ventricular depolarization as well as ventricular repolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v...

    Incorrect

    • When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v waves?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation

      Explanation:

      The v wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. In Tricuspid regurgitation there is additional blood from the regurgitant flow and thus this leads to a more prominent V wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - All valves are closed in which phase of the cardiac cycle? ...

    Incorrect

    • All valves are closed in which phase of the cardiac cycle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation

      Explanation:

      The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause.The first stage, diastole, is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. The second stage, atrial systole, is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle.The third stage, isovolumic contraction is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. The fourth stage, ventricular ejection, is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. During the fifth stage, isovolumic relaxation time, pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Where does the SA node develop? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does the SA node develop?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: From structures on the right side of the embryo.

      Explanation:

      The SA node develops from the right side of the embryo and the AV node from the left. This is the reason why in adults the right vagus supplies the SA node and the left vagus supplies the AV node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?...

    Incorrect

    • Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      Gap junctions allows for rapid propagation of the action potential from one cell to the other. The cells of the heart are connected by gap junctions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hypothermia

      Explanation:

      The following is a list of factors associated with an increased tendency toward torsades de pointes:- Hypokalaemia (low blood potassium)- Hypomagnesemia (low blood magnesium)- Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium)- Bradycardia (slow heartbeat)- Heart failure- Left ventricular hypertrophy- Hypothermia- Subarachnoid haemorrhage- Hypothyroidism

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (12/25) 48%
Medicine (12/25) 48%
Passmed
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