00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Secs)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - Which heart sounds are matched correctly? ...

    Correct

    • Which heart sounds are matched correctly?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop. This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s...

    Incorrect

    • Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s syndrome?

      Your Answer: Aortic regurgitation

      Correct Answer: Aortic aneurysm

      Explanation:

      Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue. The degree to which people are affected varies. People with Marfan’s tend to be tall, and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers and toes. They also typically have flexible joints and scoliosis. The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following has the shortest duration: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following has the shortest duration:

      Your Answer: Atrial systole: 0.1s

      Explanation:

      Atrial systole: 0.1sAtrial diastole: around 0.4sVentricular diastole: 0.4-0.53s.Ventricular systole: 0.27sPR interval: 0.12-0.2 s

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - When is the blood pressure at its lowest during pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • When is the blood pressure at its lowest during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: First trimester

      Correct Answer: Second trimester

      Explanation:

      It is lowest during the second trimester.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of: ...

    Correct

    • Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in between the cells. They allow for the formation of low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient? ...

    Incorrect

    • How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient?

      Your Answer: Increased cardiac output due to increase in stroke volume, whilst the heart rate remains unchanged

      Correct Answer: Increased cardiac output due to increase in heart rate and stroke volume

      Explanation:

      Cardiac Output increases to a similar degree as the blood volume. During the first trimester cardiac output is 30-40% higher than in the non-pregnant state. Steady rises are shown on Doppler echocardiography, from an average of 6.7 litres/minute at 8-11 weeks to about 8.7 litres/minute flow at 36-39 weeks; they are due, primarily, to an increase in stroke volume (35%) and, to a lesser extent, to a more rapid heart rate (15%). There is a steady reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) which contributes towards the hyperdynamic circulation observed in pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      46.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The coronary sinus drains into the: ...

    Correct

    • The coronary sinus drains into the:

      Your Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation?

      Your Answer: QT interval

      Correct Answer: T wave

      Explanation:

      Ventricular repolarisation is denoted by the T wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      There is a correlation between resting CO and body surface area. The output per min per square meter of body surface (the cardiac index) averages 3.2l.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found? ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the left third intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The following determines the strength of contraction ...

    Correct

    • The following determines the strength of contraction

      Your Answer: Plateau phase

      Explanation:

      The plateau phase which follows is unique to myocytes and results from a small, but sustained inward calcium current through L-type calcium channels lasting 200-400 ms. This calcium influx is caused by a combined increase in permeability of the cell and especially the sarcolemmal membranes to calcium. This plateau (or refractory) phase in myocyte action potential prevents early reactivation of the myocytes and directly determines the strength of contraction

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Catecholamines… ...

    Incorrect

    • Catecholamines…

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Activate adenylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Norepinephrine and epinephrine activate or deactivate adenylyl cyclase resulting in a decrease or an increase in the production of cAMP.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      34.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following results in the resting membrane potential of a myocyte?

      Your Answer: Activation of outward K+ channels

      Explanation:

      Phase 0 is caused by the sodium current. Voltage gated sodium channels open leading to the influx of sodium into the cardiac muscle cell. Phase 1 is the rapid transient repolarization phase which is caused by the inactivation of the voltage gated sodium channels and opening of the voltage gated potassium channels along with opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 2 which is the plateau is caused by opening of the slow calcium channels. Phase 4 is caused by closing of the slow calcium channels and opening of the potassium channels leading to efflux of potassium leading to the establishment of the resting membrane potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the...

    Correct

    • Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the heart (e.g. Running athlete)?

      Your Answer: Vasodilation via production of metabolites

      Explanation:

      The coronary arterioles contain α-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasoconstriction, and β-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasodilation. Activity in the noradrenergic nerves to the heart and injections of norepinephrine cause coronary vasodilation. However, norepinephrine also increases the heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction, and the vasodilation is due to production of vasodilator metabolites in the myocardium secondary to the increase in its activity. As exercise has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation, it will result in vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The rate of depolarization of the SA node membrane potential is modulated by...

    Correct

    • The rate of depolarization of the SA node membrane potential is modulated by the following:

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Rate of depolarization of the SA node is modulated by all of these.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by: ...

    Correct

    • Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by:

      Your Answer: Inhibiting the breakdown cAMP

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?...

    Incorrect

    • Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?

      Your Answer: 3.2l

      Correct Answer: 70 ml

      Explanation:

      The stroke volume of an average sized man who is lying is the supine position is about 70 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following conditions does not influence the cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following conditions does not influence the cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Isovolumetric ventricular contraction lasts for? ...

    Incorrect

    • Isovolumetric ventricular contraction lasts for?

      Your Answer: 0,01 s

      Correct Answer: 0,05 s

      Explanation:

      Isovolumetric contraction lasts for about 0.05 seconds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs may be used in the treatment of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs may be used in the treatment of long QT syndrome?

      Your Answer: Amiodarone

      Correct Answer: Atenolol

      Explanation:

      Beta-blockers are the mainstay of treatment in long QT syndrome. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are the most effective treatment in genotypes with a high risk of recurrence.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?...

    Incorrect

    • In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?

      Your Answer: Lungs

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The liver is the organ which contains sinusoidal capillaries with discontinuous endothelium. The brain, lungs and the intestine all contain continuous capillaries, however the kidney contains fenestrated capillaries to aid in filtration.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33.1
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body)...

    Correct

    • The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body) per unit time is equal to the arterial level minus the venous level times the blood flow.” This statement describes:

      Your Answer: The Fick principle

      Explanation:

      The essence of the Fick principle is that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:- Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time- Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ- Concentration of marker substance in venous blood leaving the organ

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      26.6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP ...

    Correct

    • Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP

      Your Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The a-wave created on the venous pulse curve occurs as a result of atrial systole. Due to the pressure build-up in the atria, it causes a back pressure in the vena cava. This pressure is exerted on the valve and this back pressure is what causes a slight increase in the venous pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Calcium needed for cardiac muscle contraction is made available during which phase of...

    Correct

    • Calcium needed for cardiac muscle contraction is made available during which phase of the action potential?

      Your Answer: 2

      Explanation:

      It is made available during the plateau phase of the action potential i.e. phase 2. During the plateau phase of the action potential, Calcium from the extracellular fluid enters through the L type of calcium channels. This entry triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the ryanodine receptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The function of Troponin T in cardiac muscle is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The function of Troponin T in cardiac muscle is?

      Your Answer: Binding site for Ca2+ to initiate muscle contraction

      Correct Answer: Allows attachment of troponin components to tropomyosin

      Explanation:

      Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin, and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps initiate contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - With regards to the cardiac cycle which of the following is true ...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to the cardiac cycle which of the following is true

      Your Answer: Left ventricular contraction begins after right ventricular contraction

      Correct Answer: Right atrial systole occurs before left atrial systole: as below

      Explanation:

      Cardiac cycle: The first event in the cycle is atrial depolarization (a P wave on the surface ECG) follows by RIGHT ATRIAL and then LEFT ATRIAL contraction. Ventricular activation (QRS) follows after a short interval (the PR interval). LEFT VENTRICULAR contraction starts shortly thereafter RIGHT VENTRICULAR contraction begins. At the end, the aortic valve closure is followed by pulmonary valve closure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      41.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The AV Node: ...

    Correct

    • The AV Node:

      Your Answer: It decelerates impulses passing to the ventricles

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx. The depolarization continues to conduct slowly through the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum. This is a small, bean-shaped. The atrial conductive system is organized so that the cardiac impulse does not travel from the atria into the ventricles too rapidly; this delay allows the atria to empty before ventricular contraction begins. It is the AV node and its adjacent conductive fibers that delay this transmission into the ventricles. Conduction through the AV Node is represented on the ECG by the PR interval.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      36.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following is NOT an effect of a positive inotropic agent...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT an effect of a positive inotropic agent on the heart?

      Your Answer: It increases stroke volume

      Correct Answer: It decreases the rate of rise in ventricular blood pressure during systole

      Explanation:

      Inotropic agents increase the contractility of the heart as well as the rate of rise in ventricular blood pressure during systole, generating a greater pressure and increasing the stroke volume e.g. like catecholamines do.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      42.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Regarding the cardiac muscle striations as viewed under the microscope, which areas are...

    Correct

    • Regarding the cardiac muscle striations as viewed under the microscope, which areas are dark?

      Your Answer: A band and z line

      Explanation:

      Dark bands: a, h. Dark line: z. Clear band: i, m

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement:

      Your Answer: The plateau phase is due to Ca2+ influx

      Correct Answer: Repolarisation is due to net k+ influx

      Explanation:

      Final repolarization (phase 3) to the resting membrane potential (phase 4) is due to closure of the Ca2+ channels and a slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      76.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (17/30) 57%
Medicine (17/30) 57%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard