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  • Question 1 - With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for...

    Correct

    • With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Explanation:

      SGLT- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter or sodium-glucose linked transporter are family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The central veins in the liver: ...

    Incorrect

    • The central veins in the liver:

      Your Answer: Drain directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC)

      Correct Answer: Coalesce to form the hepatic vein

      Explanation:

      The central veins coalesce to form the hepatic vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. The portal vein mainly carries blood from different parts of the GIT and is not drained to the inferior vena cava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      44.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver?

      Your Answer: Factor ix

      Correct Answer: Factor viii

      Explanation:

      Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside of the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm?

      Your Answer: Small intestine

      Correct Answer: Oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm acts to coordinate peristalsis and are initiated in the interstitial cells of Cajal, specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, below the oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.9
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

      Your Answer: Steroid

      Explanation:

      Human steroidogenesis occurs in a number of locations:- Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.- Oestrogen and progesterone are made primarily in the ovary and the placenta during pregnancy, and testosterone in the testes.- Testosterone is also converted to oestrogen to regulate the supply of each in females and males.- Some neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) express the enzymes required for the local synthesis of pregnant neurosteroids, de novo or from peripheral sources.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect ...

    Incorrect

    • In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect

      Your Answer: Failure of normal cranial to caudal migration of neural crest cells during development

      Correct Answer: Due to congenital absence of myenteric and submucosal plexuses

      Explanation:

      During normal prenatal development, cells from the neural crest migrate into the large intestine (colon) to form the networks of nerves called the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) (between the smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus) (within the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract wall). In Hirschsprung’s disease, the migration is not complete and part of the colon lacks these nerve bodies that regulate the activity of the colon. The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and pass stool through the colon, creating an obstruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      27
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes...

    Incorrect

    • The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes contraction of the intrinsic sphincter?

      Your Answer: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) is a specific region of the oesophageal circular smooth muscle. It allows the passage of a food bolus to the stomach and prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. The tone of the LOS is myogenic in origin and depends on smooth muscle properties that lead to the opening of Ca2+ channels but can also be modulated by enteric motor neurons, the parasympathetic and sympathetic extrinsic nervous system and several neurohumoral substances. Nitric oxide causes LOS relaxation. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity?

      Your Answer: Chief cells

      Correct Answer: M cells

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They transport antigens from the intestinal lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response. T and B cells are lymphocytes found in blood. Mucous cells secrete mucous and can be considered as a part of innate immunity. Chief cells in the gastric mucosa secret pepsin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:

      Your Answer: CN IX

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic presynaptic nerve fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) synapse in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers pass to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22.9
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase are found in which part...

    Correct

    • The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase are found in which part of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Body and fundus

      Explanation:

      Stomach can be divided in to different regions. Cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus from proximal end to distal end respectively. Cells that secret the inactive form of pepsin or pepsinogen are chief cells and are abundant in the body (corpus) and the fundus region of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Dietary starch is mainly: ...

    Incorrect

    • Dietary starch is mainly:

      Your Answer: Glucose

      Correct Answer: Amylopectin

      Explanation:

      Dietary starch consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight but depends in the plant. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the primary problem of achalasia ...

    Correct

    • What is the primary problem of achalasia

      Your Answer: Deficiency of myenteric plexus at the lower oesophageal sphincter

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus is characterized by the failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and aperistalsis, caused primarily by the loss of the inhibitory innervation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The ATPase of parietal cells moves: ...

    Correct

    • The ATPase of parietal cells moves:

      Your Answer: H+ into the gastric lumen in exchange for a k+

      Explanation:

      ATPase of the parietal cell is also known as the proton pump, which moves H+ ions into the gastric lumen in exchange for K+ ions into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      30.2
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT?

      Your Answer: Between the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the adventitia

      Correct Answer: Between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.

      Explanation:

      A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      31.5
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon...

    Correct

    • How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon atoms) absorbed?

      Your Answer: Re-esterified to triglycerides and enter the lymphatics as chylomicrons

      Explanation:

      Short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed into the blood via intestinal capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. They are re-esterified to triglycerides and are coated with cholesterol and protein, forming chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are released in the lymphatic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      43.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G...

    Correct

    • During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?

      Your Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach

      Explanation:

      Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT? ...

    Correct

    • Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      The liver primarily synthesizes about 20-25% of the total daily cholesterol. Cholesterol is also synthesized to smaller extents in the adrenal glands, reproductive organs (as cholesterol is the precursor of sex hormones), skin and is also produced in the intestines.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      39.5
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except:

      Your Answer: Kidney

      Explanation:

      The portal vein receives blood from the intestines via the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, from stomach via the gastric veins and from the spleen and pancreas via splenic vein. The kidney is supplied by the renal artery and drains into the renal vein into the inferior venacava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater? ...

    Correct

    • Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater?

      Your Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides? ...

    Correct

    • The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides?

      Your Answer: 1:4α linkages

      Explanation:

      Alfa amylase hydrolyses the α (1-4) glyosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin and leave primarily maltose.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Bile contains: ...

    Correct

    • Bile contains:

      Your Answer: Bile acids, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol

      Explanation:

      The main components of bile include bile acids or bile salts, phospholipids; mainly phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, bilirubin, inorganic salts; potassium, sodium and bicarbonate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      40.9
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced...

    Incorrect

    • H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced with the help of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Correct Answer: Carbonic anhydrase ii

      Explanation:

      Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyses the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (or vice versa). This is a reversible reaction that takes place in the gastric parietal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      32.6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Absorption of fructose is via: ...

    Correct

    • Absorption of fructose is via:

      Your Answer: Facilitated diffusion

      Explanation:

      Dietary fructose may be ingested as a monosaccharide or as a disaccharide. Sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase to produce equal amounts of glucose and fructose and in this form, is usually completely absorbed. Fructose is mostly absorbed in the small intestine through GLUT-5 transporter mediated facilitative diffusion. This is an energy independent process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is: ...

    Correct

    • The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is:

      Your Answer: Lipase

      Explanation:

      Lipase is the principle enzyme that digest lipids. Amylase digest carbohydrates. Colipase is a co-enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase. Trypsin digest proteins and cholesterol esterase digest cholesterol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Regarding short-chain fatty acids, all the following are true except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding short-chain fatty acids, all the following are true except:

      Your Answer: They promote Na+ absorption

      Correct Answer: They are produced in the small intestine but their absorption occurs in the colon

      Explanation:

      Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have carbon chains of 2-5 carbon atoms. They are produced in the large intestine and are also absorbed there. They exert a trophic effect on the colonic epithelial layer in absorption of sodium. In the absence of short chain fatty acids there is a loss of sodium and water. Transport of SCFA is coupled with sodium thus absorption leads to the accumulation in the lumen of HCO3, a rise in pH, fall in pCO2 and stimulation of Na+ and water transport. The effect on Na+ transport is thought to indicate the presence of a Na+/H+ exchange in the cell membrane.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.9
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The oesophagus is lined by ...

    Incorrect

    • The oesophagus is lined by

      Your Answer: Simple columnar epithelium

      Correct Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium

      Explanation:

      The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa, submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper two thirds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following is a product of D cells ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a product of D cells

      Your Answer: Somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin is secreted by D cells, HCL and intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells. Trefoil peptides are secreted by mucus secreting goblet cells and gastrin releasing peptide (grp) by post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve (which innervate the G cells of the stomach).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The hepatic portal vein: ...

    Correct

    • The hepatic portal vein:

      Your Answer: Carries mainly nutrients from the GIT.

      Explanation:

      The portal vein contains oxygen as any other vein in the body does. The hepatic veins are responsible for venous drainage of the liver. The main function of the portal vein is to carry absorbed nutrients in the gut for metabolism and detoxification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Interstitial cells of cajal

      Explanation:

      The interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus. The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization from -65mV to -45mV. This rhythm of depolarization-repolarization of the cell membrane creates a slow wave known as a basic electrical rhythm (BER), and it is transmitted to the smooth muscle cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The lamina propria contains all of the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The lamina propria contains all of the following except:

      Your Answer: Plasma cells

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      The connective tissue of the lamina propria is very loose, allowing it to be very cell rich. The cell population of the lamina propria is variable and can include, for example, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophilic leukocytes, and mast cells. It provides support and nutrition to the epithelium, as well as the means to bind to the underlying tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach?

      Your Answer: Coeliac plexus

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - The pressure in the sinusoids is normally: ...

    Correct

    • The pressure in the sinusoids is normally:

      Your Answer: Lower than portal venous pressure

      Explanation:

      The direction of transport of nutrients in the portal vein occurs from the portal vein to the hepatic sinusoids. Thus, he pressure of sinusoids should be lower than the pressure of he portal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - The cells that secrete HCL are found in which part of the stomach?...

    Incorrect

    • The cells that secrete HCL are found in which part of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Antrum

      Correct Answer: Body

      Explanation:

      The stomach can be divided in to different regions. Cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus from proximal end to distal end respectively. Different cell types are distributed accordingly among the regions of the stomach. Cells that secret HCl in the gastric mucosa are known as parietal cells and are abundant in the gastric body region. They have receptors for acetylcholine stimulated via the vagus nerve, histamine receptors and gastrin receptors which stimulate gastric acid secretion. G cells that secret gastrin are abundant in the antrum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the...

    Correct

    • Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?

      Your Answer: SGLT1

      Explanation:

      SGLT 1 is responsible for the uptake of glucose via secondary active transport from the small intestine and the renal tubules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Pancreatic juice is usually? ...

    Correct

    • Pancreatic juice is usually?

      Your Answer: Alkaline

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature and has a high amount of bicarbonate ions. About 1500 ml is secreted every day. It also contains a large quantity of enzymes in the inactive form.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated?

      Your Answer: Basic electrical rhythm is initiated

      Correct Answer: Smooth muscle relaxation ahead of the stimulus

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide causes relaxation of smooth muscles ahead of the stimulus. Clinically it is used as a potent vasodilator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.6
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common...

    Incorrect

    • The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common bile duct is known as the:

      Your Answer: Ampulla of Vater

      Correct Answer: Duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The small ducts from the pancreas coalesce into a single duct known as the pancreatic duct or the duct of Wirsung. It usually joins the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater before entering the duodenum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion of fat begin in a normal human being?

      Your Answer: Jejunum

      Correct Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      The enzyme lipase which is responsible for digestion of fat is secreted by the exocrine pancreas in the 2nd part of the duodenum at the point where the pancreatic duct opens. It opens together with the common bile duct which contains bile that emulsify fat aiding in digestion. The oesophagus, stomach and mouth do not contain enzymes related to fat digestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      38.8
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin act by way of which second messengers in the...

    Incorrect

    • Histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin act by way of which second messengers in the release of acid by parietal cells:

      Your Answer: G proteins

      Correct Answer: A and D

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine, Histamine and Gastrin receptors are located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell and control its activity. Stimulation of these receptors modulates the levels of protein kinases in the cell and brings about the changes from a resting to stimulated structure. Protein kinase catalyses conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP which activates the proton pump. Calcium ions increase gastric acid secretion elicited by gastrin released through a vagal mechanism, and also by a direct effect on parietal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      28.2
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Carbohydrates digestion starts in the ...

    Correct

    • Carbohydrates digestion starts in the

      Your Answer: Mouth

      Explanation:

      Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the oesophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - The following can cause steatorrhea except ...

    Correct

    • The following can cause steatorrhea except

      Your Answer: Diseases that destroy the endocrine portion of the pancreas

      Explanation:

      Dietary fats and lipids are usually efficiently digested and over 90% absorbed. Impaired digestion or absorption can result in fatty stools. Possible causes include exocrine (not endocrine) pancreatic insufficiency, with poor digestion from lack of lipases, loss of bile salts, which reduces micelle formation, and small intestinal disease producing malabsorption. Various other causes including certain medicines that block fat absorption, or indigestible or excess oil/fat in diet.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.1
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above...

    Correct

    • The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above mentioned enzymes is located where?

      Your Answer: Brush border of small intestine

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - VIP, GIP and somatostatin play an inhibitory role in gastric acid secretion by...

    Correct

    • VIP, GIP and somatostatin play an inhibitory role in gastric acid secretion by inactivating?

      Your Answer: G cells

      Explanation:

      Gastrin is secreted from the G cells. VIP, GIP and somatostatin all inhibit acid production by inhibiting the G cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.9
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - In addition to its role in digestion and absorption of fats, bile: ...

    Correct

    • In addition to its role in digestion and absorption of fats, bile:

      Your Answer: Is the major excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products

      Explanation:

      The end product of haem metabolism is bilirubin and jaundice is caused by increased bilirubin levels in the blood. Gallstones are mainly caused by cholesterol and bile pigments. Bile is the main route of excretion for lipid soluble waste products whereas urine is the main route of excretion of water soluble waste products.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      73.5
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their...

    Correct

    • Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their products?

      Your Answer: D cells and somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone is secreted form the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      31.1
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - Somatostatin is responsible for? ...

    Incorrect

    • Somatostatin is responsible for?

      Your Answer: Decreased smooth muscle contraction

      Correct Answer: Decreased gastrin release

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin is an inhibitory hormone secreted from the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets. It causes the inhibition of gastrin (decreasing stomach acid production), CCK (decreasing gallbladder motility), gastrin inhibitory peptide and secretin. Gastrin production is also inhibited by secretin, GIP, VIP, glucagon and calcitonin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Where does most fat digestion begin? ...

    Correct

    • Where does most fat digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine (in the duodenum). The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - G cells release which of the following substances ...

    Incorrect

    • G cells release which of the following substances

      Your Answer: Gastric lipase

      Correct Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.8
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Which of the following substances inhibits pancreatic secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following substances inhibits pancreatic secretion?

      Your Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Correct Answer: Pancreatic polypeptide

      Explanation:

      Number of hormones and neurotransmitters can stimulate and inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. Cholecystokinin, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P stimulate pancreatic secretion. Pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin inhibit pancreatic secretion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22.4
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which of the following is responsible for transporting both glucose and fructose into...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is responsible for transporting both glucose and fructose into the interstitium?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Correct Answer: GLUT 2

      Explanation:

      Absorption of glucose involves transport from the intestinal lumen, across the epithelium and into blood. The transporter that carries glucose and galactose into the enterocyte is the sodium-dependent hexose transporter, known as SGLT1. As the name indicates, this molecule transports both glucose and sodium ions into the cell. Once absorbed into the enterocyte, glucose must be exported from the cell into blood. Sodium is rapidly shuttled out in exchange for potassium by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane, and that process maintains the electrochemical gradient across the epithelium. Glucose, galactose and fructose are transported out of the enterocyte into the interstitium and in turn into the blood through another hexose transporter (called GLUT-2) in the basolateral membrane. These monosaccharides then diffuse down a concentration gradient into capillary blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (28/50) 56%
Medicine (28/50) 56%
Passmed
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