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  • Question 1 - Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells?

      Your Answer: Post-capillary venules

      Explanation:

      Pericytes release a wide variety of vasoactive agents which regulate the flow through the junction between endothelial cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except: ...

    Correct

    • The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except:

      Your Answer: Tumour suppression

      Explanation:

      Vascular endothelium has many important functions including regulation of vascular tone, molecular exchange between blood and tissue compartments, hemostasis and signaling for the immune regulation and inflammation. Depending on specific tissue needs and local stresses, endothelial cells are capable of evoking either antithrombotic or prothrombotic events. Tumor suppression is related to genes, or anti-oncogenes, that regulate a cell during cell division and replication.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery...

    Incorrect

    • In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery which supplies the?

      Your Answer: Anterior interventricular artery

      Correct Answer: Posterior interventricular artery

      Explanation:

      Dominance of the coronary artery system is defined by the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. Dominance of the right coronary artery is more common (68%). It gives rise to the large posterior interventricular branch which goes down to the apex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      26.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body)...

    Correct

    • The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body) per unit time is = (the arterial level - the venous level) * the blood flow. This statement describes?

      Your Answer: The Fick principle

      Explanation:

      The essence of the Fick principle is that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:- Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time- Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ- Concentration of marker substance in venous blood leaving the organ

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Angina pectoris develops when blood through the coronary artery becomes: ...

    Correct

    • Angina pectoris develops when blood through the coronary artery becomes:

      Your Answer: Restricted, limiting blood blow

      Explanation:

      Angina pectoris develops when stenosis ( >70%) of the artery occurs as a result of formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. This leads to a decrease in the O2 carried to the thickened heart muscle by the blood, leading to the characteristic chest pain associated with angina pectoris.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans?

      Your Answer: It is found in patients with a small pericardial effusion

      Correct Answer: It is found in association with a third heart sound

      Explanation:

      Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. A pathological third heart sound is usually associated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The posterior aspect of the interventricular septum is supplied by: ...

    Correct

    • The posterior aspect of the interventricular septum is supplied by:

      Your Answer: A branch of the right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The posterior aspect of the heart is supplied by the posterior interventricular artery which is a branch of the right coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s...

    Incorrect

    • Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s syndrome?

      Your Answer: Mitral regurgitation

      Correct Answer: Aortic aneurysm

      Explanation:

      Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue. The degree to which people are affected varies. People with Marfan’s tend to be tall, and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers and toes. They also typically have flexible joints and scoliosis. The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to: ...

    Incorrect

    • The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to:

      Your Answer: Increased myocardial fiber length

      Correct Answer: Increase in intracellular Ca2+

      Explanation:

      The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility Is not due to ventricular filling. It occurs in isolated locations in the heart and is due to increase availability of intracellular calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      31.4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is:

      Your Answer: Tropomyosin

      Correct Answer: Sarcomere

      Explanation:

      Sarcomere is the organelle where calcium is stored to be released during contraction of the muscle. It is the basic unit of contraction in striated muscle fibers. As myocytes are also striated muscles, sarcomeres also forms the basic unit of contraction. The impulses travel along the membrane and via its interaction with the dihydropyridine receptors it releases the stored calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - In which area is depolarization initiated? ...

    Correct

    • In which area is depolarization initiated?

      Your Answer: SA node

      Explanation:

      SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It determines the rate of contractions. It is the place where depolarization is initiated. It exhibits phase 4 depolarization or automaticity. Electrical impulses then spread to the AV node, purkinje fibers, bundle of his and the ventricular muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which...

    Correct

    • Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which receptor in the heart?

      Your Answer: M2 receptor

      Explanation:

      M2 receptor is found in the heart. M3 and M4 are associated with smooth muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Correct

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The positive inotropic effect of digoxin is due to? ...

    Correct

    • The positive inotropic effect of digoxin is due to?

      Your Answer: Inhibition of the sodium potassium ATPase in the myocardium

      Explanation:

      Digitalis compounds are potent inhibitors of cellular Na+/K+-ATPase. This ion transport system moves sodium ions out of the cell and brings potassium ions into the cell. By inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase, cardiac glycosides cause the intracellular sodium concentration to increase. This then leads to an accumulation of intracellular calcium via the Na+/Ca++ exchange system. In the heart, increased intracellular calcium causes more calcium to be released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby making more calcium available to bind to troponin-C, which increases contractility (inotropy).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The coronary sinus drains into the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary sinus drains into the:

      Your Answer: Superior vena cava

      Correct Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which factors increase the end-diastolic volume? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which factors increase the end-diastolic volume?

      Your Answer: Infiltrative disease

      Correct Answer: Constriction of veins

      Explanation:

      End diastolic volume is also known as preload. It is the amount of blood the heart contracts against. Constriction of veins will decrease venous pooling and increase venous return, hence increasing the end diastolic volume. Standing will increase venous pooling hence decreasing venous return and end diastolic volume. Raised intrapericardial pressure will also decrease venous return and hence end diastolic volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30.1
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum?

      Your Answer: Internodal atrial pathways

      Correct Answer: AV node

      Explanation:

      AV node is located at the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following causes an increase in venous return? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following causes an increase in venous return?

      Your Answer: Positive intra-thoracic pressure

      Correct Answer: An increase in the negative intra-thoracic pressure

      Explanation:

      During inspiration, intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative and intra-abdominal pressure more positive. This increases the venous pressure gradient from abdomen to thorax and promotes filling of the central veins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify: ...

    Correct

    • When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify:

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

      Explanation:

      The C wave signifies a rise in the atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction due to the tricuspid valve bulging into the atria.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Preload: ...

    Incorrect

    • Preload:

      Your Answer: Is the resistance against which the blood is expelled

      Correct Answer: Is the degree to which the myocardium is stretched before is contracts

      Explanation:

      Preload is end diastolic volume. It is the degree to which the heart muscle fiber is stretched when it fills up completely just before the heart contracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.7
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (10/20) 50%
Medicine (10/20) 50%
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