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  • Question 1 - Where is the carotid sinus located? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the carotid sinus located?

      Your Answer: After the bifurcation of the carotid artery, on the internal carotid

      Explanation:

      The carotid sinus is a small dilation in the internal carotid artery just above its bifurcation into the external and internal carotid branch. Baroreceptors are present at this dilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      72.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What is cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • What is cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Product of stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      26.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves? ...

    Incorrect

    • Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves?

      Your Answer: Pulmonary and aortic

      Correct Answer: Aortic

      Explanation:

      The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip (the incisure or dicrotic notch) which coincides with the aortic valve closure. The dip in the graph is immediately followed by a brief rise (the dicrotic wave) then gradual decline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Correct

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The effects of β1 stimulation include the following ...

    Incorrect

    • The effects of β1 stimulation include the following

      Your Answer: Only a and b are correct

      Correct Answer: Increased strength of contraction

      Explanation:

      β1 stimulation include the phosphorylation of L type Ca++ channels and phospholamban and increased Ca++ influx from myocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      139.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones?

      Your Answer: They are released in response to hypervolemia

      Explanation:

      Natriuretic hormones are vasodilators released in response to hypervolemia.

      Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides NPs (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids. These substances induce the kidney to excrete sodium and therefore participate in the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis, blood volume, and blood pressure (BP). In addition to their peripheral functions, these hormones act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain.

      Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by inducing natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney, inhibiting renin secretion, aldosterone production, and promoting vasorelaxation.  Two paracrine factors derived from endothelial cells play important roles in modulating ANP secretion. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates ANP secretion and augments stretch induced ANP secretion. The dramatic increase in ANP release produced by cardiac ischemia appears to be mediated in part by endothelin. Nitric oxide (NO), an important vasodilator, is also produced by endothelial cells and inhibits ANP secretion.

      Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) shares ANP’s receptor but is primarily associated with antifibrotic effects in ventricular remodeling, serving as a biomarker for heart failure and myocardial infarction.

      C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts locally in an autocrine/paracrine manner, exerting potent cardiovascular effects, including vasorelaxation and vascular remodeling post-injury. NPs also demonstrate diverse effects beyond cardiovascular and renal systems, such as bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory actions, and metabolic effects on adipose tissue and long bones.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      706.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The predominant receptors in the hearts conduction system are? ...

    Correct

    • The predominant receptors in the hearts conduction system are?

      Your Answer: Î’1

      Explanation:

      All of the components of the intrinsic conduction system contain autorhythmic cells that spontaneously depolarize. In the absence of extrinsic neural or hormonal influences, the SA node pacing rate would be about 100 beats per minute (bpm). The heart rate and cardiac output, however, must vary in response to the needs of the body’s cells for oxygen and nutrients under varying conditions. In order to respond rapidly to changing requirements of the body’s tissues, the heart rate and contractility are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormones, and other factors. The ANS has two interacting systems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

      Sympathetic receptors: There are two types of adrenergic receptors: β and α. In the cardiovascular system there are β1, β2, α1, and α2 adrenergic receptors. β1 adrenergic receptors are expressed in the heart conduction system (in the SA node, AV node, and on atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes). The activation of β1 receptors increases heart rate (via the SA node), and contractility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      43.4
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v...

    Correct

    • When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v waves?

      Your Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation

      Explanation:

      The v wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. In Tricuspid regurgitation there is additional blood from the regurgitant flow and thus this leads to a more prominent V wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      77.5
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time? ...

    Incorrect

    • How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time?

      Your Answer: 3

      Correct Answer: 1

      Explanation:

      1 molecule of myosin binds to actin at any give time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      40.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Concerning S3, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning S3, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

      Your Answer: AV valves are open

      Correct Answer: Coincide with atrial contraction

      Explanation:

      A third heart sound also called a ventricular gallop occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems, such as a failing left ventricle as in dilated congestive heart failure (CHF). S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. In other words, an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of blood within the ventricle. An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell-side of the stethoscope (used for lower frequency sounds). A left-sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart, which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. A right-sided S3 is best heard at the lower-left sternal border. The way to distinguish between a left and right-sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation. A right-sided S3 will increase on inhalation, while a left-sided S3 will increase on exhalation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      95.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each...

    Correct

    • The approximate incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the general population each year is:

      Your Answer: 1 per 1000

      Explanation:

      About 1 in 1000 adults per year has DVT, but as of 2011, available data is dominated by North American and European populations. DVT is rare in children, with an incidence of about 1 in 100,000 a year. From childhood to old age, incidence increases by a factor of about 1000, with almost 1% of the elderly experiencing DVTs yearly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      67.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the? ...

    Correct

    • The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the?

      Your Answer: Left anterior descending artery

      Explanation:

      The anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the interventricular septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      38.6
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Water hammer pulse is found in: ...

    Correct

    • Water hammer pulse is found in:

      Your Answer: Aortic insufficiency

      Explanation:

      Watson’s water hammer pulse is the medical sign which describes a pulse that is bounding and forceful, rapidly increasing and subsequently collapsing, as if it were the sound of a water hammer that was causing the pulse. A water hammer was a Victorian toy in which a tube was half filled with fluid, the remainder being a vacuum. The child would invert and reinvert the tube; each time the impact of the fluid at each end would sound like a hammer blow. This is associated with increased stroke volume of the left ventricle and decrease in the peripheral resistance leading to the widened pulse pressure of aortic regurgitation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      24.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:...

    Correct

    • Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:

      Your Answer: Serca (sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase)

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban, which increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the SR, that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      105
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during. ...

    Incorrect

    • Absolute refractory period in a cardiac action potential graph occurs during.

      Your Answer: Plateau phase

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Absolute refractory period (ARP): the cell is completely unexcitable to a new stimulus and occurs from phase 0 – 2 i.e. depolarisation, early repolarisation and plateau phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      484.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Generalized vasoconstrictors include: ...

    Correct

    • Generalized vasoconstrictors include:

      Your Answer: Norepinephrine, endothelin, angiotensin ii

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin, angiotensin II, adrenaline and endothelin are generalized vasoconstrictors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      100.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in diastole?

      Your Answer: All chambers of the heart ( all of the above if you want )

      Correct Answer: Left ventricle

      Explanation:

      It is only during diastole that the blood flows to the subendocardial portion of the left ventricle, as the heart muscle relaxes and the coronary arteries regain their patency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      152.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Most of the venous blood returns to the heart through the: ...

    Incorrect

    • Most of the venous blood returns to the heart through the:

      Your Answer: Right ventricle

      Correct Answer: Coronary sinus and anterior cardiac veins

      Explanation:

      Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins which drain into the right atrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      101.4
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which...

    Correct

    • Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which receptors

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptors

      Explanation:

      Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum). CICR occurs when the resulting Ca2+ influx activates ryanodine receptors on the SR membrane, which causes more Ca2+ to be released into the cytosol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      173.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Correct

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      80.9
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190...

    Incorrect

    • During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190 ml/l and the 02 content of his mixed venous blood is 130ml/l. His cardiac output is approximately:

      Your Answer: 3,3 l/min

      Correct Answer: 33l/min

      Explanation:

      In Fick’s original method, the following variables are measured:VO2, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO2 absorberCa, the oxygen concentration of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood)Cv, the oxygen concentration of blood from an intravenous cannula (representing deoxygenated blood)From these values, we know that:VO2 = (CO x Ca) – (CO x Cv)where CO = Cardiac Output, Ca = Oxygen concentration of arterial blood and Cv = Oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.This allows us to sayCO = VO2/{Ca – Cv}and hence calculate cardiac output.Therefore CO = 2/(0.190-0.130) = 33l/minNote that (Ca – Cv) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      162.6
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production...

    Correct

    • The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production and release of which factor?

      Your Answer: Von Willebrand factor

      Explanation:

      Weibel-Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart. They store and release two principal molecules, von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, and thus play a dual role in haemostasis and inflammation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      47.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it? ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it?

      Your Answer: Occurs after the second heart sound.

      Correct Answer: Can be heard in atrial systole.

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle by atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      85.5
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The following contributes to the rate of depolarization? ...

    Correct

    • The following contributes to the rate of depolarization?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to impulses generated by the SA node. As the heart beats to the rhythm of the SA node, certain factors will effect the rate of depolarization. All the mentioned options effect the rate of depolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      66.6
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The internodal tract of Bachman: ...

    Correct

    • The internodal tract of Bachman:

      Your Answer: Connects the SA node to the AV node

      Explanation:

      Internodal tract of Bachman connects the SA node to the AV node conducting the electrical impulses generated from the SA node to the AV node and from the AV node to the rest of the electrical complex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      266.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of...

    Correct

    • Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of the heart rate via:

      Your Answer: M2 muscarinic receptors

      Explanation:

      M2 muscarinic receptors are the receptors for the parasympathetic system to the SA and the AV node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      55.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Adrenergic stimulation will lead to myocyte relaxation via the following mechanisms ...

    Correct

    • Adrenergic stimulation will lead to myocyte relaxation via the following mechanisms

      Your Answer: Increased phosphorylation of phosholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban, which increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the SR, that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      138.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the...

    Correct

    • Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

      Your Answer: Phospholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      88.9
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells?

      Your Answer: Post-capillary venules

      Explanation:

      Pericytes release a wide variety of vasoactive agents which regulate the flow through the junction between endothelial cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      63.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by...

    Correct

    • The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by all the following except:

      Your Answer: Cardiac output

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output has no effect on the depolarization of the pacemaker potential of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      40.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (21/30) 70%
Medicine (21/30) 70%
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