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  • Question 1 - The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter? ...

    Correct

    • The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      18.5
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion? ...

    Correct

    • On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?

      Your Answer: Α2 receptor

      Explanation:

      Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      24.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation? ...

    Correct

    • Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation?

      Your Answer: T10

      Explanation:

      The area of skin supplied by one nerve is called a dermatome. T10 supplies sensory neurons to the area of the umbilicus. C3 and C4 supply the neck and the shoulder, T4 supplies the dermatome at the level of the nipple, S3 supplies the inguinal region and L5 supplies the lateral aspect of the leg and the medical aspect of the dorsum of the feet plus the first 3 toes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following receptors are found in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following receptors are found in the liver?

      Your Answer: α1, β2

      Explanation:

      Liver consists of the sympathetic Alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - In which cell would you find a Nissl body? ...

    Correct

    • In which cell would you find a Nissl body?

      Your Answer: Bipolar neuron

      Explanation:

      Nissl bodies are the structures of protein synthesis in neurones. They are granular bodies of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes. Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cell, oligodendrocytes are collectively known as glia or supporting cells of the nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Regarding the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, postganglionic sympathetic neurons have their...

    Correct

    • Regarding the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, postganglionic sympathetic neurons have their cell bodies in the:

      Your Answer: Superior cervical ganglia

      Explanation:

      The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is a part of autonomic system which plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis of the body. This ganglion innervates structures in the head and neck and is the largest and the most superiorly located ganglion. The SCG provides sympathetic innervation to structures within the head, including the pineal gland, the blood vessels in the cranial muscles and the brain, the choroid plexus, the eyes, the lacrimal glands, the carotid body, the salivary glands, and the thyroid gland. The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate the internal carotid artery and form the internal carotid plexus. The internal carotid plexus carries the postganglionic axons of the SCG to the eye, lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and pharynx, and numerous blood-vessels in the head.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is: ...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:

      Your Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:
      General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior ear
      General visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.
      General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.
      Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles
      Special visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      34.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the: ...

    Correct

    • The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the:

      Your Answer: Edinger-Westphal nucleus

      Explanation:

      The consensual light reflex occurs when an individual’s right eye is shielded and light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will occur, as well as the left. This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the smallest cell of the nervous system?

      Your Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia are the smallest of the neuroglial cells in the nervous system. They are scattered throughout the central nervous system and have phagocytic properties.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      144.7
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:...

    Correct

    • Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:

      Your Answer: Ponto-medullary junction

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerves III, IV and V exit from the pons, VI, VII, VIII exit from the pontomedullary junction and cranial nerve IX, X, XI, XII exit from the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Correct

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      25.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer: The contents of CSF are uniformly in equilibrium with ECF

      Correct Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      116.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Regarding CSF: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding CSF:

      Your Answer: Disruption of arachnoid villi function results in a communicating hydrocephalus

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of the entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has different electrolyte levels. Blockage of the foramina causes an obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus or non-obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any CSF flow obstruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      21.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and...

    Correct

    • The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani communicates is called the:

      Your Answer: Helicotrema

      Explanation:

      The helicotrema is the part of cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves?

      Your Answer: Circular muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      Circular muscle of iris is exclusively supplied by the parasympathetic nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The choroid plexus: ...

    Correct

    • The choroid plexus:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus is a vascular structure found in all cerebral ventricles. The functional unit of the choroid plexus, composed of a capillary, enveloped by a layer of differentiated ependymal epithelium. Unlike the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus capillaries are fenestrated and have no tight junctions. The endothelium, therefore, does not form a barrier to the movement of small molecules. Instead, the blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus is formed by the epithelial cells and the tight junctions that link them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      14.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?

      Your Answer: Oligodendrocyte

      Correct Answer: Astrocyte

      Explanation:

      Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The primary sensory cortex is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary sensory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 4

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:
      Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2
      Primary Motor 4
      Premotor 6
      Primary Visual 17
      Primary Auditory 41
      Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The brainstem reticular formation, consists of which important control system responsible for consciousness...

    Incorrect

    • The brainstem reticular formation, consists of which important control system responsible for consciousness and sleep?

      Your Answer: Rs reticular system

      Correct Answer: RAS reticular activating system

      Explanation:

      The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem. Reticular activating system (RAS) is a set of connected nuclei in the brain that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions and is the most influential component in the reticular formation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?

      Your Answer: Β2

      Correct Answer: Α2

      Explanation:

      The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF?

      Your Answer: Passive filtration of plasma

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      All the above are true for the formation of CSF

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      27
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which enzyme is responsible for the removal of acetylcholine from the synapse? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the removal of acetylcholine from the synapse?

      Your Answer: Choline acetyltransferase

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholinesterase

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Both of these molecules are transported back to the presynaptic neuron to be synthesized again. This enzyme is attached to the collagen fibers of the basement membrane in the synaptic cleft.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?...

    Incorrect

    • During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?

      Your Answer: Stage 3

      Correct Answer: REM

      Explanation:

      Rapid eye movement (REM) stage is marked by extensive physiological changes in the body, such as accelerated respiration, increased brain activity and muscle relaxation. People dream during REM sleep, perhaps as a result of excited brain activity and the paralysis of major voluntary muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:

      Your Answer: Influx of Ca++

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      2.3
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:...

    Incorrect

    • Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:

      Your Answer: Periosteum

      Correct Answer: Choroid plexus

      Explanation:

      About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Glucose transport in the brain is mediated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Glucose transport in the brain is mediated by:

      Your Answer: GLUT 2

      Correct Answer: GLUT 1

      Explanation:

      The facilitative glucose transporter mediates the transport of glucose from blood into neurons and glia in the brain. The primary isoforms in the brain are GLUT1 detected at high concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      16.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the:

      Your Answer: Spinothalamic tractus

      Correct Answer: Neospinothalamic tract

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tract is an ascending or a sensory tract, responsible for transmission of pain and temperature. The neospinothalamic tract is responsible for fast pain or discriminative pain whereas the palaeospinothalamic tract is responsible for transmission of slow pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      14.6
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle: ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle:

      Your Answer: Are mainly lateral spinothalamic tracts

      Correct Answer: Are mainly ventral spinocerebellar tracts from the cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus

      Explanation:

      There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      2.1
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas: ...

    Incorrect

    • Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas:

      Your Answer: Olfactory bulb and hippocampus

      Correct Answer: Hippocampus and striatum

      Explanation:

      In humans, neurogenesis or new neurons are continually born during adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the striatum. In other species of mammals, adult-born neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb. In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      1.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by? ...

    Incorrect

    • Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by?

      Your Answer: Neurons

      Correct Answer: Oligodendrocytes

      Explanation:

      CNS myelin is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin is produced by Schwann cells. The two types of myelin are chemically different, but they both perform the same function — to promote efficient transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      4.3
      Seconds

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Neuro-anatomy (25/30) 83%
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