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  • Question 1 - The most common complication of paracetamol overdose is: ...

    Correct

    • The most common complication of paracetamol overdose is:

      Your Answer: Hepatic failure

      Explanation:

      The maximum daily dose of paracetamol in an adult is 4 grams. Doses greater than this can lead to hepatotoxicity and, less frequently, acute kidney injury. Early symptoms of paracetamol toxicity include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and usually settle within 24 hours. Symptoms of liver damage include right subcostal pain and tenderness, and this peaks 3 to 4 days after paracetamol ingestion. Other signs of hepatic toxicity include encephalopathy, bleeding, hypoglycaemia, and cerebral oedema.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8585
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of these drugs may reduce the efficacy of contraception? ...

    Correct

    • Which of these drugs may reduce the efficacy of contraception?

      Your Answer: Carbamazepine

      Explanation:

      Antiepileptic medications such as carbamazepine (Tegretol), topiramate (Topamax), and phenytoin (Dilantin) are widely known for reducing the contraceptive effectiveness of OCPs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which lobe of the prostate gland is most commonly affected in benign prostatic...

    Correct

    • Which lobe of the prostate gland is most commonly affected in benign prostatic hypertrophy?

      Your Answer: Median

      Explanation:

      Benign enlargement of the prostate is common in men older than 50 years. The cause is possibly an imbalance in the hormonal control of the gland. The median lobe of the gland enlarges upward and encroaches within the sphincter vesicae, located at the neck of the bladder. The leakage of urine into the prostatic urethra causes an intense reflex desire to micturate. The enlargement of the median and lateral lobes of the gland produces elongation and lateral compression and distortion of the urethra so that the patient experiences difficulty in passing urine and the stream is weak. Back-pressure effects on the ureters and both kidneys are a common complication. The enlargement of the uvula vesicae (owing to the enlarged median lobe) results in the formation of a pouch of stagnant urine behind the urethral orifice within the bladder. The stagnant urine frequently becomes infected, and the inflamed bladder (cystitis) adds to the patient’s symptoms.

      In all operations on the prostate, the surgeon regards the prostatic venous plexus with respect. The veins have thin walls, are valveless, and are drained by several large trunks directly into the internal iliac veins. Damage to these veins can result in a severe haemorrhage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      19.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate,...

    Incorrect

    • A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate, nasal regurgitation of food, and nasal quality to the voice.

      Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely responsible for the aforementioned features?

      Your Answer: Facial nerve

      Correct Answer: Vagus nerve

      Explanation:

      The vagus nerve, ‘the wanderer’, contains motor fibres (to the palate and vocal cords), sensory components (posterior and floor of external acoustic meatus) and visceral afferent and efferent fibres.

      Palatal weakness can cause nasal speech and nasal regurgitation of food. The palate moves asymmetrically when the patient says ‘ahh’. Recurrent nerve palsy results in hoarseness, loss of volume and ‘bovine cough’.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      40.9
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following statements about lithium treatment is FALSE: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements about lithium treatment is FALSE:

      Your Answer: Patients taking lithium should carry a lithium treatment card.

      Correct Answer: Concomitant treatment with NSAIDs decreases serum-lithium concentration.

      Explanation:

      Lithium levels are raised by NSAIDs because renal clearance is reduced. Lithium is a small ion (74 Daltons) with no protein or tissue binding and is therefore amenable to haemodialysis. Lithium is freely distributed throughout total body water with a volume of distribution between 0.6 to 0.9 L/kg, although the volume may be smaller in the elderly, who have less lean body mass and less total body water. Steady-state serum levels are typically reached within five days at the usual oral dose of 1200 to 1800 mg/day. The half-life for lithium is approximately 18 hours in adults and 36 hours in the elderly.
      Lithium is excreted almost entirely by the kidneys and is handled in a manner similar to sodium. Lithium is freely filtered but over 60 percent is then reabsorbed by the proximal tubules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of prochlorperazine: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of prochlorperazine:

      Your Answer: Tinnitus

      Correct Answer: Acute dystonic reaction

      Explanation:

      Adverse actions include anticholinergic effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision, extrapyramidal effects, and postural hypotension. Phenothiazines can all induce acute dystonic reactions such as facial and skeletal muscle spasms and oculogyric crises; children (especially girls, young women, and those under 10 kg) are particularly susceptible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      37.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding the lumbar plexus, which of the following is a direct muscular branch?...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the lumbar plexus, which of the following is a direct muscular branch?

      Your Answer: Nerve to quadratus femoris

      Correct Answer: Nerve to quadratus lumborum

      Explanation:

      The lumbar plexus gives rise to several branches which supply various muscles and regions of the posterior abdominal wall and lower limb. These branches include the Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral and obturator nerves.

      In addition, the lumbar plexus gives off muscular branches from its roots, a branch to the lumbosacral trunk and occasionally an accessory obturator nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      44.4
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding the trachea, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the trachea, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: A cricothyrotomy involves making an opening in the neck inferior to the cricoid cartilage.

      Explanation:

      A cricothyrotomy involves making an opening in the median cricothyroid ligament (the medial part of the cricothyroid membrane), between the cricoid cartilage below and the thyroid cartilage above.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      217.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A 32-year-old woman suffers a deep wound to her thigh while she was...

    Incorrect

    • A 32-year-old woman suffers a deep wound to her thigh while she was climbing over a barbed wire fence. As a consequence of her injury, the nerve that was severed innervates the gracilis muscle.

      In which of the following nerves is the gracilis muscle innervated by?

      Your Answer: Posterior branch of the obturator nerve

      Correct Answer: Anterior branch of the obturator nerve

      Explanation:

      The gracilis muscles is innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve (L2-L4).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      32.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - All of the following typically occurs as part of normal passive expiration except:...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following typically occurs as part of normal passive expiration except:

      Your Answer: Relaxation of the external intercostal muscles

      Correct Answer: Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles

      Explanation:

      Passive expiration is produced primarily by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) in addition to the elastic recoil of the lungs.
      In expiration, several movements occur. There are:
      1. depression of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement),
      2. depression of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement) and
      3. elevation of the diaphragm.
      These result in a reduction of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. There is then a decreased intrathoracic volume and increased intrathoracic pressure and air is forced out of the lungs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      53
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aspirin: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aspirin:

      Your Answer: Increases production of cAMP

      Correct Answer: Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor

      Explanation:

      Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the resulting inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis results in analgesic, antipyretic and to a lesser extent anti-inflammatory actions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      66.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - A 27-year-old man presents with a laceration of his forearm that severed the...

    Incorrect

    • A 27-year-old man presents with a laceration of his forearm that severed the nerve that innervates flexor carpi radialis.
      Which of the following nerves has been damaged in this case? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: The musculocutaneous nerve

      Correct Answer: The median nerve

      Explanation:

      Flexor carpi radialis is innervated by the median nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      16.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of a facial nerve...

    Correct

    • Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of a facial nerve palsy:

      Your Answer: Inability to raise the eyelid

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve palsy can result in inability to close the eye due to paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Elevation of the eyelid in eye opening is a function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and the superior tarsal muscle, innervated by the oculomotor nerve and the sympathetic chain respectively.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Cranial Nerve Lesions
      86.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:

      Your Answer: Intramuscular diazepam

      Correct Answer: Intravenous lorazepam

      Explanation:

      First-line treatment is with intravenous lorazepam if available. Intravenous diazepam is effective but it carries a high risk of thrombophlebitis so should only be used if intravenous lorazepam is not immediately available. Absorption of diazepam from intramuscular injection or from suppositories is too slow for treatment of status epilepticus. When facilities for resuscitation are not immediately available or if unable to secure immediate intravenous access, diazepam can be administered as a rectal solution or midazolam oromucosal solution can be given into the buccal cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      22.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - A 29-year-old man has been complaining about his recent headaches. Detailed history was...

    Incorrect

    • A 29-year-old man has been complaining about his recent headaches. Detailed history was taken and a neurological examination was performed.

      Which of the following cranial nerves is correctly paired with its lesion?

      Your Answer: The abducens nerve: the eye is unable to look medially

      Correct Answer: The oculomotor nerve: the eye appears to look ‘down and out’

      Explanation:

      The following are the lesions of the cranial nerves:
      1. Olfactory nerve (I)
      Reduced taste and smell, but not to ammonia which stimulates the pain fibres carried in the trigeminal nerve

      2. Optic nerve (II)
      Manifested by visual field defects, pupillary abnormalities, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, papilledema

      3. Oculomotor nerve (III)
      A fixed, dilated pupil which doesn’t accommodate, ptosis, complete internal ophthalmoplegia (masked by ptosis), unopposed lateral rectus causes outward deviation of the eye. If the ocular sympathetic fibres are also affected behind the orbit, the pupil will be fixed but not dilated.

      4. Trochlear nerve (IV)
      Diplopia due to weakness of downward and inward eye movement. The most common cause of a pure vertical diplopia. The patient tends to compensate by tilting the head away from the affected side.

      5. Trigeminal nerve (V)
      Reduced sensation or dysesthesia over the affected area. Weakness of jaw clenching and side-to-side movement. If there is a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion, the jaw deviates to the weak side when the mouth is opened. There may be fasciculation of temporalis and masseter.

      6. Abducens nerve (VI)
      Inability to look laterally. The eye is deviated medially because of unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle.

      7. Facial nerve (VII)
      Facial weakness. In an LMN lesion the forehead is paralysed – the final common pathway to the muscles is destroyed; whereas the upper facial muscles are partially spared in an upper motor neurone (UMN) lesion because of alternative pathways in the brainstem. There appear to be different pathways for voluntary and emotional movement. CVAs usually weaken voluntary movement, often sparing involuntary movements (e.g., spontaneous smiling). The much rarer selective loss of emotional movement is called mimic paralysis and is usually due to a frontal or thalamic lesion.

      8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
      Unilateral sensorineural deafness, tinnitus. Slow-growing lesions seldom present with vestibular symptoms as compensation has time to occur.

      9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
      Unilateral lesions do not cause any deficit because of bilateral corticobulbar connections. Bilateral lesions result in pseudobulbar palsy. These nerves are closely interlinked.

      10. Vagus nerve (X)
      Palatal weakness can cause ‘nasal speech’ and nasal regurgitation of food. The palate moves asymmetrically when the patient says ‘ahh’. Recurrent nerve palsy results in hoarseness, loss of volume and ‘bovine cough’.

      11. Accessory nerve (XI)
      Weakness and wasting of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

      12.Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
      An LMN lesion produces wasting of the ipsilateral side of the tongue, with fasciculation; and on attempted protrusion the tongue deviates towards the affected side, but the tongue deviates away from the side of a central lesion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      162.4
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following is most likely affected in De Quervain's tenosynovitis? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is most likely affected in De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

      Your Answer: Extensor carpi radialis brevis

      Correct Answer: Extensor pollicis brevis

      Explanation:

      De Quervain tenosynovitis is named after the Swiss surgeon, Fritz de Quervain, who first described it in 1895. It is a condition which involves tendon entrapment affecting the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. With this condition thickening of the tendon sheaths around the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis develops where the tendons pass in through the fibro-osseous tunnel located along the radial styloid at the distal wrist. Pain is exacerbated by thumb movement and radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist.

      The estimated prevalence of de Quervain tenosynovitis is about 0.5% in men and 1.3% in women with peak prevalence among those in their forties and fifties. It may be seen more commonly in individuals with a history of medial or lateral epicondylitis. Bilateral involvement is often reported in new mothers or child care providers in whom spontaneous resolution typically occurs once lifting of the child is less frequent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      420.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A 7-year old boy is referred to the Paediatrics Department due to slurred...

    Correct

    • A 7-year old boy is referred to the Paediatrics Department due to slurred speech. Upon further examination, the attending physician noted the presence of dysdiadochokinesia, intention tremors, and nystagmus. An MRI is taken, which revealed a brain tumour.

      Which of the following options is the most probable diagnosis given the clinical features of the patient?

      Your Answer: Astrocytoma of cerebellum

      Explanation:

      Pilocytic astrocytoma (PCA), previously known as cystic cerebellar astrocytoma or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, was first described in 1931 by Harvey Cushing, based on a case series of cerebellar astrocytomas; though he never used these terms but rather described a spongioblastoma. They are low-grade, and usually well-circumscribed tumours, which tend to occur in young patients. By the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumours, they are considered grade I gliomas and have a good prognosis.

      PCA most commonly occurs in the cerebellum but can also occur in the optic pathway, hypothalamus, and brainstem. They can also occur in the cerebral hemispheres, although this tends to be the case in young adults. Presentation and treatment vary for PCA in other locations. Glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia. Astrocytic tumours arise from astrocytes and are the most common tumour of glial origin. The WHO 2016 categorized these tumours as either diffuse gliomas or other astrocytic tumours. Diffuse gliomas include grade II and III diffuse astrocytomas, grade IV glioblastoma, and diffuse gliomas of childhood. The other astrocytic tumours group include PCA, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

      PCA can present with symptoms secondary to the posterior fossa mass effect. This may include obstructive hydrocephalus, with resultant headache, nausea and vomiting, and papilledema. If hydrocephalus occurs before the fusion of the cranial sutures (<18-months-of-age), then an increase in head circumference will likely occur. Lesions of the cerebellar hemisphere result in peripheral ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, nystagmus, and dysarthria. In contrast, lesions of the vermis cause a broad-based gait, truncal ataxia, and titubation. Posterior fossa lesions can also cause cranial nerve palsies. Diplopia may occur due to abducens palsy from the stretching of the nerve. They may also have blurred vision due to papilledema. Seizures are rare with posterior fossa lesions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      47.9
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following nerves innervates the gastrocnemius muscle? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following nerves innervates the gastrocnemius muscle?

      Your Answer: Tibial nerve

      Explanation:

      The gastrocnemius is innervated by the anterior rami of S1 and S2 spinal nerves, carried by the tibial nerve into the posterior compartment of the leg.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - A 24-year-old man goes to the emergency department with a fever, headache, and...

    Incorrect

    • A 24-year-old man goes to the emergency department with a fever, headache, and swollen parotid glands that are excruciating. You have a suspicion that it is mumps. Which of the following nerves is causing the discomfort the patient is experiencing:

      Your Answer: Buccal nerve

      Correct Answer: Auriculotemporal nerve

      Explanation:

      The auriculotemporal nerve is irritated by mumps, which results in significant discomfort due to inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland, as well as the stretching of its capsule. Compression caused by swallowing or chewing exacerbates pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      59.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in depression of the mandible:...

    Correct

    • Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in depression of the mandible:

      Your Answer: Masseter

      Explanation:

      Depression of the mandible is generated by the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid and lateral pterygoid muscles on both side, assisted by gravity. The lateral pterygoid muscles are also involved as this movement also involves protraction of the mandible. The masseter muscle is a powerful elevator of the mandible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      39.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of...

    Incorrect

    • A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of the blade is situated within the anterior triangle of the neck.
      Which of the following muscles is most likely to be involved? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Trapezius

      Correct Answer: Sternothyroid

      Explanation:

      The anterior triangle is the triangular area of the neck found anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is formed by the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid laterally, the median line of the neck medially and by the inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The apex of the anterior triangle extends towards the manubrium sterni. The anterior triangle contains:
      Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid muscles
      Organs: thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, submandibular gland, caudal part of the parotid gland
      Arteries: superior and inferior thyroid, common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid artery (and sinus), facial, submental, lingual arteries
      Veins: anterior jugular veins, internal jugular, common facial, lingual, superior thyroid, middle thyroid veins, facial vein, submental vein, lingual veins
      Nerves: vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), part of sympathetic trunk, mylohyoid nerve

      The posterior triangle is a triangular area found posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It has three borders; anterior, posterior and inferior borders. The anterior border is the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior border is the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle, while the inferior border is the middle one-third of the clavicle. The investing layer of deep cervical fascia and integument forms the roof of the space, while the floor is covered with the prevertebral fascia along with levator scapulae, splenius capitis and the scalene muscles. The inferior belly of omohyoid subdivides the posterior triangle into a small supraclavicular, and a large occipital, triangle.
      Contents:
      Vessels: the third part of the subclavian artery, suprascapular and transverse cervical branches of the thyrocervical trunk, external jugular vein, lymph nodes
      Nerves: accessory nerve (CN XI), the trunks of the brachial plexus, fibers of the cervical plexus

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      14.9
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect:

      Your Answer: Muscle weakness

      Correct Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

      Explanation:

      Adverse Effects of lithium Include

      Leucocytosis (most patients)
      Polyuria/polydipsia (30-50%)
      Dry mouth (20-50%)
      Hand tremor (45% initially, 10% after 1 year of treatment)
      Confusion (40%)
      Decreased memory (40%)
      Headache (40%)
      Muscle weakness (30% initially, 1% after 1 year of treatment)
      Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (20-30%)
      Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (10-30% initially, 1-10% after 1-2 years of treatment)
      Hyperreflexia (15%)
      Muscle twitch (15%)
      Vertigo (15%)
      Extrapyramidal symptoms, goitre (5%)
      Hypothyroidism (1-4%)
      Acne (1%)
      Hair thinning (1%)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed....

    Incorrect

    • A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed. You suspect the bleeding is coming from Little's area based on your examination. Which of the blood vessels listed below is most likely to be involved:

      Your Answer: Descending palatine and ascending pharyngeal arteries

      Correct Answer: Sphenopalatine and superior labial arteries

      Explanation:

      The Kiesselbach plexus is a vascular network formed by five arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the nasal septum, which refers to the wall separating the right and left sides of the nose. The five arteries that form the Kiesselbach plexus: the sphenopalatine artery, which branches from the maxillary artery originating behind the jawbone; the anterior ethmoidal artery, which branches from the ophthalmic artery behind the eye; the posterior ethmoidal artery, which also branches from the ophthalmic artery; the septal branch of the superior labial artery, which is a branch of the facial artery supplying blood to all of the superficial features of the face; and finally, the greater palatine artery, which is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      26.7
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following is an adverse effect of carbamazepine: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is an adverse effect of carbamazepine:

      Your Answer: Ototoxicity

      Correct Answer: Aplastic anaemia

      Explanation:

      Common adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, sedation, dizziness, headache, blurred vision and ataxia. These adverse effects are dose related and are most common at the start of treatment.
      Other adverse effects include:
      Allergic skin reactions (and rarely, more serious dermatological conditions)
      Hyponatraemia (avoid concomitant use with diuretics)
      Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and other blood disorders including aplastic anaemia
      Hepatic impairment

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      15.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Regarding aspirin at analgesic doses, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding aspirin at analgesic doses, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: It is contraindicated in patients with severe heart failure.

      Explanation:

      Aspirin (at analgesic doses) is contraindicated in severe heart failure. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes resulting in decreased production of prostaglandins (which can lead to irritation of the gastric mucosa). The analgesic dose is greater than the antiplatelet dose, and taken orally it has a duration of action of about 4 hours. Clinical features of salicylate toxicity in overdose include hyperventilation, tinnitus, deafness, vasodilatation, and sweating.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      268.2
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine: ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine:

      Your Answer: Histamine-H2 antagonist

      Correct Answer: Histamine-H1 antagonist

      Explanation:

      Antihistamines e.g. cyclizine, are effective against nausea and vomiting caused by many different conditions, including motion sickness and vertigo. These agents act by inhibiting histamine pathways, and cholinergic pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. There is no evidence that any one antihistamine is superior to another but their duration of action and incidence of adverse effects differ. Adverse effects include drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and confusion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      36.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - A 16-year old boy is brought to the emergency room after suffering a...

    Incorrect

    • A 16-year old boy is brought to the emergency room after suffering a traffic accident. Upon examination, there is noted ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibration, ipsilateral motor loss, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation. A spinal cord injury is given as a diagnosis.

      Which of the following is the most probable cause of this manifestation?

      Your Answer: Complete cervical injury

      Correct Answer: Brown-Séquard syndrome

      Explanation:

      Brown-Sequard Hemicord Syndrome consists of ipsilateral weakness (corticospinal tract) and loss of joint position and vibratory sense (posterior column), with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sense (spinothalamic tract) one or two levels below the lesion. Segmental signs, such as radicular pain, muscle atrophy, or loss of a deep tendon reflex, are unilateral. Partial forms are more common than the fully developed syndrome.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - When inserting a Seldinger chest drain for management of pneumothorax, the 'safe triangle'...

    Correct

    • When inserting a Seldinger chest drain for management of pneumothorax, the 'safe triangle' should be identified. Which of the following forms the inferior border of the 'safe triangle'?

      Your Answer: 5 th intercostal space

      Explanation:

      Care and management of the thoracostomy tubes (chest tubes) are subject to the direction and practice pattern of the responsible physician. Therefore, it is difficult to make a “one size fits all” set of instructions about the specific management recommendations for all chest tubes. It is recommended to discuss specific expectations for management with the patient’s attending physician. Facility specific Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) may provide further guidance for one’s practice.

      Placement of the appropriately sized chest tube is performed on the affected side. The typical landmark for placement is the 4th or 5th intercostal space (nipple line for males, inframammary fold for females) at the anterior axillary line. The space above the 5th intercostal space and below the base of the axilla that is bordered posteriorly by the trapezius and anteriorly by the pectoralis muscle has recently been described as the safe triangle. Tubes are positioned anteriorly for pneumothoraces and posteriorly for fluid processes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      222.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Regarding codeine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding codeine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Codeine 240 mg is approximately equivalent to 30 mg of morphine.

      Correct Answer: There is a reduced risk of toxicity in patients who are ultra-rapid metabolisers of codeine.

      Explanation:

      Codeine phosphate is a weak opioid and can be used for the relief of mild to moderate pain where other painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen have proved ineffective.Codeine is metabolised to morphine which is responsible for its therapeutic effects. Codeine 240 mg is approximately equivalent to 30 mg of morphine. The capacity to metabolise codeine can vary considerably between individuals; there is a marked increase in morphine toxicity in people who are ultra rapid metabolisers, and reduced therapeutic effect in poor codeine metabolisers. Codeine is contraindicated in patients of any age who are known to be ultra-rapid metabolisers of codeine (CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolisers).Codeine is also contraindicated in children under 12, and in children of any age who undergo the removal of tonsils or adenoids for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea due to reports of morphine toxicity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      37.9
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - A suspicious growth on the posterior tongue of a 40-year-old man was discovered...

    Incorrect

    • A suspicious growth on the posterior tongue of a 40-year-old man was discovered by his dentist and was immediately referred for possible oral cancer.

      The lymph from the posterior tongue will drain to which of the following nodes?

      Your Answer: Submental nodes

      Correct Answer: Deep cervical nodes

      Explanation:

      Lymph from the medial anterior two thirds of the tongue travels to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
      Lymph from the lateral anterior tongue goes to the submandibular nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      24.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Central Nervous System (14/15) 93%
Pharmacology (11/11) 100%
Abdomen And Pelvis (1/1) 100%
Anatomy (10/19) 53%
Lower Limb (2/3) 67%
Thorax (1/2) 50%
Upper Limb (1/2) 50%
Cranial Nerve Lesions (0/1) 0%
Head And Neck (2/6) 33%
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