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  • Question 1 - You see a patient who is 32 weeks pregnant. She complains of tingling...

    Incorrect

    • You see a patient who is 32 weeks pregnant. She complains of tingling to the right buttock and shooting pain down the leg. You suspect Piriformis syndrome. Regarding Piriformis which of the following statements are true?

      Your Answer: Nerve supply is via S2 to S4

      Correct Answer: Insertion is onto the greater trochanter

      Explanation:

      The proximal attachment of the piriformis muscles is from the anterior surface of sacrum and it attaches distally to the superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the anterior rami of S1 and S2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      37.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The inguinal canal is reinforced posteriorly by which structure? ...

    Incorrect

    • The inguinal canal is reinforced posteriorly by which structure?

      Your Answer: External oblique aponeurosis

      Correct Answer: Conjoint tendon

      Explanation:

      The Inguinal Canal
      – Anterior wall: formed by the external oblique aponeurosis throughout the length of the canal; its lateral part is reinforced by muscle fibres of the internal oblique.
      – Posterior wall: formed by the transversalis fascia; its medial part is reinforced by pubic attachments of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeuroses that frequently merge to variable extents into a common tendon—the inguinal falx (conjoint tendon)—and the reflected inguinal ligament.
      – Roof: formed laterally by the transversalis fascia, centrally by musculo-aponeurotic arches of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis, and medially by the medial crus of the external oblique aponeurosis.
      – Floor: formed laterally by the iliopubic tract, centrally by gutter formed by the infolded inguinal ligament, and medially by the lacunar ligament.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - A patient attends clinic with a vaginal prolapse. On examination the vaginal prolapse...

    Incorrect

    • A patient attends clinic with a vaginal prolapse. On examination the vaginal prolapse is visible 1.5cm above the plane of the hymen. According to the POPQ classification what grade is this prolapse?

      Your Answer: Grade 3

      Correct Answer: Grade 1

      Explanation:

      This is a grade 1 prolapse

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      16.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Pelvic ligaments can change at term resulting in? ...

    Correct

    • Pelvic ligaments can change at term resulting in?

      Your Answer: Enlargement of the pelvic cavity

      Explanation:

      The pelvis is supported by a variety of ligaments. At term, these ligaments allow for variation in its structure such that the overall size of the pelvic cavity is increased in order to accommodate the upcoming foetus into the cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The inferior 1/3 of the rectum is principally supplied by which artery? ...

    Incorrect

    • The inferior 1/3 of the rectum is principally supplied by which artery?

      Your Answer: Inferior rectal artery

      Correct Answer: Middle rectal artery

      Explanation:

      Remember the inferior rectal artery supplies the anus. The middle rectal artery is the principle supply to the lower 1/3 rectum. The rectal arteries do form an anastomosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The lower part of the rectum is supplied by the middle rectal artery....

    Incorrect

    • The lower part of the rectum is supplied by the middle rectal artery. What is the middle rectal artery a branch of?

      Your Answer: External iliac artery

      Correct Answer: Internal iliac artery

      Explanation:

      The middle rectal artery arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding lymph drainage of the lower vagina where does the majority of lymph...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding lymph drainage of the lower vagina where does the majority of lymph drain to?

      Your Answer: Para-aortic nodes

      Correct Answer: Inguinal nodes

      Explanation:

      Lymphatic vessels from the vagina drain from the parts of the vagina as follows:
      • Superior part: to the internal and external iliac lymph nodes.
      • Middle part: to the internal iliac lymph nodes.
      • Inferior part: to the sacral and common iliac nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The main support of the uterus is provided by: ...

    Incorrect

    • The main support of the uterus is provided by:

      Your Answer: The broad ligament

      Correct Answer: The cardinal ligament

      Explanation:

      The cardinal ligament (or Mackenrodt’s ligament, lateral or transverse cervical ligament) is a major ligament of the uterus. It is located at the base of the broad ligament of the uterus. It attaches the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall by its attachment to the Obturator fascia of the Obturator internus muscle, and is continuous externally with the fibrous tissue that surrounds the pelvic blood vessels. It thus provides support to the uterus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Regarding the uterine artery which of the following statements are FALSE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the uterine artery which of the following statements are FALSE?

      Your Answer: Typically anastomoses with branches of the Ovarian artery

      Correct Answer: It crosses the Ureter posteriorly

      Explanation:

      The Uterine artery typically arises from the anterior branch of the internal iliac artery. It crosses the ureter ANTERIORLY. It is the primary source of arterial supply to the uterus and its branches anastomose with branches of the ovarian and vaginal arteries.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      30.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - From which of the following spinal segments do both the internal and external...

    Correct

    • From which of the following spinal segments do both the internal and external anal sphincters receive their innervation?

      Your Answer: S4

      Explanation:

      The anal sphincters are responsible for closing the anal canal to the passage of faeces and flatus. The smooth muscle of the involuntary internal sphincter sustains contraction to prevent the leakage of faeces between bowel movements and is innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which are a branch of the spinal segment 4. The external sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle and can therefore contract and relax voluntarily. Its innervation comes from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve, and the perineal branch of S4 nerve roots.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - After a vaginal delivery, a patient suffers a perineal tear. On examination the...

    Correct

    • After a vaginal delivery, a patient suffers a perineal tear. On examination the laceration involves the external anal sphincter and has partially torn the internal anal sphincter. Which of the following classifies this tear?

      Your Answer: 3c

      Explanation:

      During childbearing the vagina and perineum are prone to lacerations that may involve the skin or can extend into the anal sphincter complex. It is important to be able to identify obstetric and anal sphincter injuries to provide adequate care and prevent complications. In the classification of obstetric tears according to RCOG guidelines:

      First degree tear: injury to the perineal skin and/or the vaginal mucosa
      Second degree tears: Injury to perineum involving perineal muscles but not the anal sphincter.
      Third-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex:
      Grade 3a tear: Less than 50% of external anal sphincter (EAS) thickness torn.
      Grade 3b tear: More than 50% of EAS thickness torn.
      Grade 3c tear: Both EAS and internal anal sphincter (IAS) torn.
      Fourth-degree tear: Injury to perineum involving the anal sphincter complex (EAS and IAS)
      and anorectal mucosa.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      18.7
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Regarding the female breast how many lobes does the typical breast contain? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the female breast how many lobes does the typical breast contain?

      Your Answer: 15-20

      Explanation:

      The basic components of the mammary gland are the alveoli. These are lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells. The alveoli join to form groups known as lobules. The lobules form lobes. Each lobe has a lactiferous duct that drains into openings in the nipple. Each breast typically contains 15-20 lobes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - During the filling phase of micturition. At what bladder volume is the first...

    Incorrect

    • During the filling phase of micturition. At what bladder volume is the first urge to void felt?

      Your Answer: 500ml

      Correct Answer: 150ml

      Explanation:

      Micturition is defined as a process of expelling urine from the body. It is caused by the reflex contraction of detrusor muscle. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ which can store 400-600ml of urine until it is expelled from the body. The first urge to urinate is felt when the bladder is filled with around 150ml of urine. The reflex action is initiated when the stretch receptors located in the bladder wall are stimulated. The afferent fibres pass to the pelvic splanchnic nerves to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments and some pass through the hypogastric plexus to the first and second lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Efferent pathways from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral segments leave the cords and through the splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus supplies the smooth muscle of the bladder i.e. detrusor muscle. Detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincters are relaxed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      9.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is contained within the deep perineal pouch? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is contained within the deep perineal pouch?

      Your Answer: Bulbospongiosus muscle

      Correct Answer: Proximal portion of urethra

      Explanation:

      The deep perineal pouch contains the external urethral sphincter, proximal urethra in females and membranous urethra in males, deep transverse perineal muscles and the glands of cowper.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following statements regarding the Vaginal artery is typically TRUE? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements regarding the Vaginal artery is typically TRUE?

      Your Answer: It arises from the Internal iliac artery

      Explanation:

      The Vaginal artery, like the Uterine artery is typically a branch of the Internal Iliac artery. It can sometimes arise as a branch of the Uterine artery so it is important to read the question (if the stem stated it CAN arise from the Uterine artery then that would be true)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - All of the following are features of the female bony pelvis, except? ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following are features of the female bony pelvis, except?

      Your Answer: Has a transverse diameter of the inlet greater than the antero-posterior diameter

      Correct Answer: It is funnel shaped

      Explanation:

      The female bony pelvis is larger, broader and more of a funnel shape. The inlet is larger and oval in shape and the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      20.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in which structure? ...

    Correct

    • The superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in which structure?

      Your Answer: Aponeurosis external oblique

      Explanation:

      The superficial ring is the exit to the inguinal canal. It is a triangular aperture in the aponeurosis of external oblique. The conjoint tendon reinforces the ring posteriorly

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      27.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which spinal segment is the lumbar plexus derived from? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which spinal segment is the lumbar plexus derived from?

      Your Answer: L1-L5

      Correct Answer: T12-L4

      Explanation:

      The lumbar plexus is formed via contributions from the T12-L4 spinal cord segment. The plexus is responsible for the motor and sensory innervation of portions of the lower extremities and some parts of the lower abdomen and pelvis. Nerves arising from the plexus include the Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral nerve, obturator, and nerve to the lumbosacral trunk.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      19.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - All of the following anatomical features of the pelvis favour a vaginal delivery,...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following anatomical features of the pelvis favour a vaginal delivery, except?

      Your Answer: Sacral promontory can not be felt

      Correct Answer: Obstetric conjugate is less than 10 cm

      Explanation:

      For the foetus to pass through the vagina, the obstetric conjugate should be 11cm or greater. If the diameter is less than 10 cm then its better to perform C-section as the labour might not progress. All the other options favour a normal vaginal delivery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      33.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Regarding the Pituitary gland which of the following statements is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the Pituitary gland which of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Is part of the posterior cranial fossa

      Correct Answer: It is surrounded by the sella turcica

      Explanation:

      The Sella turcica is composed of three parts:
      1. The tuberculum sellae (horn of saddle): a variable slight to prominent median elevation forming the posterior
      boundary of the prechiasmatic sulcus and the anterior boundary of the hypophysial fossa.
      2. The hypophysial fossa (pituitary fossa): a median depression (seat of saddle) in the body of the sphenoid that accommodates the pituitary gland (L. hypophysis).
      3. The dorsum sellae (back of saddle): a square plate of bone projecting superiorly from the body of the sphenoid.
      It forms the posterior boundary of the Sella turcica, and its prominent superolateral angles make up the posterior clinoid processes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which one of the following dimensions relates to the greatest diameter of the...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following dimensions relates to the greatest diameter of the fetal head?

      Your Answer: Suboccipit bregmatic

      Correct Answer: Occipitomental

      Explanation:

      Occipitomental diameter is the greatest diameter of the fetal scalp and runs from chin to the prominent portion on the occiput. It measure about 12.5cm in diameter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      16
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The roof of the femoral triangle is formed by which structure? ...

    Incorrect

    • The roof of the femoral triangle is formed by which structure?

      Your Answer: Femoral sheath

      Correct Answer: Fascia lata

      Explanation:

      Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle: Superior: Inguinal ligament Medial: Medial border of the adductor longus Lateral: Medial border of the sartorius Floor: Pectineus, Adductor longus and Iliopsoas muscles Roof: Fascia Lata (cribriform fascia at the saphenous opening) Trasversalis fascia forms part of the roof of the inguinal canal

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) lies within which part of the kidney? ...

    Incorrect

    • The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) lies within which part of the kidney?

      Your Answer: Renal Medulla

      Correct Answer: Renal Cortex

      Explanation:

      The substructures of the nephrons are mainly located within the cortex. The JGA sits next to the glomerulus in the cortex (click on the magnifying glass of the image to see the arrangement). They play an important role in blood pressure homeostasis as the juxtaglomerular cells produce renin. The descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and collecting ducts have sections within both the cortex and medulla

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen?

      Your Answer: Pudendal Nerve

      Explanation:

      The pudendal nerve is formed by sacral nerve roots S2, S3 and S4 almost immediately as they exit the spinal foramina. The pudendal nerve exits the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, travels behind the sacrospinous ligament before re-entering the pelvis via the lesser sciatic foramen. It is an important nerve to be aware of as it supplies sensation to the genitalia and can also be damaged/compressed at a number of places along its course. Image sourced from Wikipedia

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      16.6
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - How many seminiferous tubules would you typically expect to find in a testicular...

    Correct

    • How many seminiferous tubules would you typically expect to find in a testicular lobule?

      Your Answer: 2

      Explanation:

      There are between 250 and 400 lobules in each testis. The lobule is a structural unit of the testis with each lobule contained in one of the intervals between fibrous septa which extend between the mediastinum testis and the tunica albuginea. Each lobule contains 1 to 3 seminiferous tubules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      10.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following muscles does NOT receive innervation from the pudendal nerve?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following muscles does NOT receive innervation from the pudendal nerve?

      Your Answer: External anal sphincter

      Correct Answer: Internal anal sphincter

      Explanation:

      The internal anal sphincter is innervated by the splanchnic nerves. Sympathetic nerve supply from the inferior hypogastric plexus (for contraction) and parasympathetic supply from nervi erigentes (for relaxation).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - What is the anterior boundary of the pelvic outlet? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the anterior boundary of the pelvic outlet?

      Your Answer: pubic tubercle

      Correct Answer: pubic arch

      Explanation:

      The pelvic outlet is bounded anteriorly by the inferior border of the pubic arch, posteriorly by the sacrotuberous ligament and the tip of the coccyx and laterally by the ischial tuberosities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - You see a patient who is 32 weeks pregnant. She complains of tingling...

    Correct

    • You see a patient who is 32 weeks pregnant. She complains of tingling to the right buttock and shooting pain down the leg. You suspect Piriformis syndrome. Regarding Piriformis which of the following statements are true?

      Your Answer: Insertion is onto the greater trochanter

      Explanation:

      Nerve Supply: L5 to S2 via Nerve to Piriformis
      Origin: Sacrum
      Insertion: Greater trochanter
      Action: External rotation of hip
      Blood Supply: Superior and Inferior gluteal arteries and lateral sacral arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      15.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve? ...

    Correct

    • Sensory supply to the clitoris is via branches of which nerve?

      Your Answer: Pudendal nerve

      Explanation:

      The pudenal nerves has three branches, namely the inferior rectal, perineal and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. The perineal nerve has two branches: The superficial perineal nerve gives rise to posterior scrotal or labial (cutaneous) branches, and the deep perineal nerve supplies the muscles of the deep and superficial perineal pouches, the skin of the vestibule, and the mucosa of the inferior most part of the vagina. The inferior rectal nerve communicates with the posterior scrotal or labial and perineal nerves. The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris is the primary sensory nerve serving the male or female organ, especially the sensitive glans at the distal end.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - A patient present to the clinic with a 1 day history of vaginal...

    Incorrect

    • A patient present to the clinic with a 1 day history of vaginal prolapse. Upon examination, the vagina is 1.5 cm below the vaginal plane. What grade is the prolapse according to the POP-Q classification?

      Your Answer: Grade 2

      Correct Answer: Grade 3

      Explanation:

      Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition amongst ageing women where a weakness in the pelvic support structures of the pelvic floor allows pelvic viscera to descend.
      The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q) is useful for describing and staging the severity of the pelvic organ prolapse.
      Grade 1: the most distal portion of the prolapse is more than 1 cm above the level of the hymen
      Grade 2: the most distal portion of the prolapse is 1 cm or less proximal or distal to the hymenal plane
      Grade 3: the most distal portion of the prolapse protrudes more than 1 cm below the hymen but protrudes no farther than 2 cm less than the total vaginal length (for example, not all of the vagina has prolapsed)
      Grade 4: vaginal eversion complete

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      14.2
      Seconds

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Anatomy (10/30) 33%
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