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  • Question 1 - Regarding macrolide antibiotics, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding macrolide antibiotics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Macrolides interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis.

      Correct Answer: Macrolides are first line for treatment of whooping cough.

      Explanation:

      A macrolide antibiotic is recommended first line for whooping cough (if onset of cough is within the previous 21 days)
      Prescribe clarithromycin for infants less than 1 month of age.
      Prescribe azithromycin or clarithromycin for children aged 1 month or older, and non-pregnant adults.
      Prescribe erythromycin for pregnant women.
      Macrolides interfere with bacterial protein synthesis and are mainly active against Gram-positive organisms. They have a similar antibacterial spectrum to penicillin and are thus a useful alternative in penicillin-allergic patients. Erythromycin is commonly associated with gastrointestinal upset.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Regarding penicillin antibiotics, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding penicillin antibiotics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Patients with a history of atopy are at higher risk of hypersensitivity reactions.

      Explanation:

      Allergic reactions to penicillins occur in 1 – 10% of exposed individuals; anaphylactic reactions occur in fewer than 0.05% of treated patients. Patients with a history of atopic allergy are at higher risk of anaphylactic reactions to penicillins. Patients with a history of anaphylaxis, urticaria, or rash immediately after penicillin use should not receive a penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics; about 0.5 – 6.5 % of penicillin-sensitive patients will also be allergic to the cephalosporins.

      Patients with a history of a more minor rash (i.e. non-confluent, non-pruritic rash restricted to a small area of the body) or delayed reaction (rash occurring more than 72 hours after penicillin administration), may not be truly allergic and may be considered for penicillin or beta-lactam treatment in severe infection (although possibility of allergy should be borne in mind). Other beta-lactam antibiotics (including cephalosporins) can be used in these patients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      26.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - A 23 year old student presents to ED with a widespread maculopapular rash....

    Incorrect

    • A 23 year old student presents to ED with a widespread maculopapular rash. She recently had a sore throat and was started on a course of antibiotics. The most likely antibiotic that she was prescribed is:

      Your Answer: Phenoxymethylpenicillin

      Correct Answer: Amoxicillin

      Explanation:

      Maculopapular rashes are commonly seen with ampicillin and amoxicillin. However they are not usually related to true penicillin allergy. Very often, they occur in patients with glandular fever and so, broad-spectrum penicillins should not be used blindly, for management and treatment of a sore throat. There is also an increased risk of rash in patients with acute or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or in cytomegalovirus infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      14.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Regarding benzylpenicillin, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding benzylpenicillin, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Benzylpenicillin is first line for pneumococcal meningitis.

      Correct Answer: If meningococcal disease is suspected, benzylpenicillin should be given before transfer to hospital.

      Explanation:

      Benzylpenicillin (although inactivated by bacterial beta-lactamases) is effective for many streptococcal (including pneumococcal), gonococcal, and meningococcal infections and also for anthrax, diphtheria, gas gangrene, leptospirosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. If meningococcal disease (meningitis with non-blanching rash or meningococcal septicaemia) is suspected, benzylpenicillin should be given before transfer to hospital, so long as this does not delay the transfer; benzylpenicillin is no longer the drug of first choice for pneumococcal meningitis. Although benzylpenicillin is effective in the treatment of tetanus, metronidazole is preferred. Benzylpenicillin is inactivated by gastric acid and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is poor and therefore it must be given by injection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      26
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Regarding ciprofloxacin, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding ciprofloxacin, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Ciprofloxacin decreases plasma concentrations of theophylline.

      Explanation:

      Ciprofloxacin increases plasma concentrations of theophylline. There is an increased risk of convulsions when quinolones are given with NSAIDs or theophylline. There is an increased risk of tendon damage when quinolones are given with corticosteroids. Quinolones are known to increase the QT-interval and should not be taken with concomitantly with other drugs that are known to cause QT-interval prolongation. There is an increased risk of myopathy when erythromycin or clarithromycin are taken with simvastatin or atorvastatin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - A 7-days-old neonate is taken to the emergency department. She's pyretic, lethargic, and unresponsive, and...

    Incorrect

    • A 7-days-old neonate is taken to the emergency department. She's pyretic, lethargic, and unresponsive, and her fontanelle has bulged.  Antibiotics are started, and a lumbar puncture reveals Gram-negative rods. Which pathogen is most likely to be the cause:

      Your Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

      Correct Answer: Escherichia coli

      Explanation:

      Among neonates, group B streptococci (GBS) are the most commonly identified causes of bacterial meningitis, implicated in roughly 50% of all cases. Escherichia coli(Gram-negative rods) accounts for another 20%. Thus, the identification and treatment of maternal genitourinary infections is an important prevention strategy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      40.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - You're examining a 58-year-old male who has cellulitis in his left leg. Because...

    Correct

    • You're examining a 58-year-old male who has cellulitis in his left leg. Because he is allergic to penicillin, you start him on erythromycin.

      Which of the following statements about erythromycin is correct?

      Your Answer: It can be used to treat Legionnaire’s disease

      Explanation:

      Bacteriostatic antibiotics include erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. They work by attaching to the bacterial ribosome’s 50S subunit, preventing translocation and thereby protein synthesis. Macrolide antibiotics are actively concentrated inside leukocytes and delivered to the infection site as a result.

      Erythromycin is an orally active antibiotic that can also be given intravenously. It is metabolized in the liver and eliminated in the bile and has a biological half-life of 1.5 hours.

      It has a similar antibacterial spectrum to benzylpenicillin (i.e., a narrow spectrum, primarily against Gram-positive pathogens) and can be used as a penicillin substitute in people who are allergic to penicillin.
      Erythromycin is unsuccessful in the treatment of meningitis because it does not penetrate the central nervous system well enough. It is efficient against a variety of unusual pathogens, unlike penicillin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following side effects would you least associated with ciprofloxacin: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following side effects would you least associated with ciprofloxacin:

      Your Answer: Folate deficiency

      Explanation:

      Common side effects include diarrhoea, dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting.
      Other adverse effects include: Tendon damage (including rupture), Seizures (in patients with and without epilepsy), QT-interval prolongation, Photosensitivity and Antibiotic-associated colitis

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - In a ward round, you come across a patient's treatment chart prescribed an...

    Incorrect

    • In a ward round, you come across a patient's treatment chart prescribed an antibiotic to fight his infection. This antibiotic disrupts cell membrane function.

      Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is prescribed to this patient?

      Your Answer: Trimethoprim

      Correct Answer: Nystatin

      Explanation:

      Nystatin binds ergosterol (unique to the fungi cell membrane) and forms membrane pores that allow K+ leakage, acidification, and subsequent death of the fungus.

      Vancomycin inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding the D-Ala-D-Ala portion of cell wall precursors.

      Flucloxacillin inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.

      Trimethoprim inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase.

      Isoniazid decreases the synthesis of mycolic acids in mycobacteria.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      15.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A 73-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department 48 hours after being discharged from...

    Correct

    • A 73-year-old woman arrives at the emergency department 48 hours after being discharged from the hospital after a two-week stay for sepsis treatment. She has fever, productive cough with thick green sputum, and shortness of breath. An X-ray shows left lower lobe pneumonia. Which of the bacteria listed below is more likely to be the causative agent:

      Your Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

      Explanation:

      Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), or nosocomial pneumonia, is a lower respiratory infection that was not incubating at the time of hospital admission and that presents clinically 2 or more days after hospitalization. Pneumonia that presents sooner should be regarded as community­ acquired pneumonia. VAP refers to nosocomial pneumonia that develops among patients on ventilators. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that presents more than 48 hours after endotracheal intubation.

      Common bacteria involved in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) include the following [10] :
      Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
      Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)
      Klebsiella pneumoniae
      Escherichia coli

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      20.3
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What is the mechanism of action of penicillin antibiotics: ...

    Correct

    • What is the mechanism of action of penicillin antibiotics:

      Your Answer: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

      Explanation:

      Penicillins and the other ß-lactam antibiotics are bactericidal. They produce their antimicrobial action by preventing cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up the bacterial cell wall. They, therefore, inhibit cell wall synthesis.
      The integrity of the ß-lactam ring is essential for antimicrobial activity. Many bacteria (including most Staphylococci) are resistant to benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin because they produce enzymes (penicillinases, ß-lactamases) that open the ß-lactam ring.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - A 63 year old lady presents to ED with a persistent cough and...

    Correct

    • A 63 year old lady presents to ED with a persistent cough and red currant jelly sputum. She has a history of chronic alcohol abuse and has an X-ray which demonstrates a cavitating pneumonia. The most likely causative pathogen is:

      Your Answer: Klebsiella pneumoniae

      Explanation:

      One of the results of Klebsiella pneumoniae is pneumonia that is usually a very severe infection. It is characterised by thick, bloody sputum (red currant jelly sputum), and is associated with complications like lung abscess, cavitation, necrosis, empyema and pleural effusions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - You need to give your patient antibiotics, so you call microbiology for some advice.

    Of...

    Incorrect

    • You need to give your patient antibiotics, so you call microbiology for some advice.

      Of the following antibacterial drugs, which of them is a protein synthesis inhibitor?

      Your Answer: Cefalexin

      Correct Answer: Erythromycin

      Explanation:

      Bacteriostatic antibiotics include erythromycin and other macrolides. They work by attaching to the bacterial ribosome’s 50S subunit, preventing translocation and, as a result, inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide antibiotics are actively concentrated inside leukocytes and delivered into the infection site as a result.

      Action Mechanisms- Examples:

      Cell wall production is inhibited
      Vancomycin
      Vancomycin
      Cephalosporins

      The function of the cell membrane is disrupted
      Nystatin
      Polymyxins
      Amphotericin B

      Inhibition of protein synthesis
      Chloramphenicol
      Macrolides
      Aminoglycosides
      Tetracyclines

      Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
      Quinolones
      Trimethoprim
      Rifampicin
      5-nitroimidazoles
      Sulphonamides
      Anti-metabolic activity
      Isoniazid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      17.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Co-amoxiclav is used first line for which of the following indications: ...

    Incorrect

    • Co-amoxiclav is used first line for which of the following indications:

      Your Answer: Osteomyelitis

      Correct Answer: Animal bite

      Explanation:

      Co-amoxiclav is used first line for infected and prophylaxis of infection in animal and human bites.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - A 22-year-old woman is brought in by ambulance from her GP surgery with...

    Correct

    • A 22-year-old woman is brought in by ambulance from her GP surgery with suspected meningitis. She has been given a dose of benzylpenicillin already.
      What is the mechanism of action of benzylpenicillin? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

      Explanation:

      Penicillins and the other ß-lactam antibiotics are bactericidal. They produce their antimicrobial action by preventing cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up the bacterial cell wall. They, therefore, inhibit cell wall synthesis.
      An overview of the different mechanisms of action of the various types of antimicrobial agents is shown below:
      Mechanism of action
      Examples
      Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
      Penicillins
      Cephalosporins
      Vancomycin
      Disruption of cell membrane function
      Polymyxins
      Nystatin
      Amphotericin B
      Inhibition of protein synthesis
      Macrolides
      Aminoglycosides
      Tetracyclines
      Chloramphenicol
      Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
      Quinolones
      Trimethoprim
      5-nitroimidazoles
      Rifampicin
      Anti-metabolic activity
      Sulfonamides
      Isoniazid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - A 40-year-old man complains of pain and redness in his lower thigh due...

    Correct

    • A 40-year-old man complains of pain and redness in his lower thigh due to an insect bite. He was diagnosed with cellulitis. Select the first-line antibiotic for cellulitis.

      Your Answer: Flucloxacillin

      Explanation:

      Cellulitis is most commonly caused by bacteria from the group Aß-hemolytic streptococcus.

      Cellulitis can be caused by animal bites. For uncomplicated cellulitis, flucloxacillin is the first-line antibiotic. Because it is beta-lactamase stable, it is efficient against Staphylococcus aureus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      19.4
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following is NOT a notifiable disease: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a notifiable disease:

      Your Answer: Chickenpox

      Explanation:

      Chickenpox is not a notifiable disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Regarding ampicillin, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding ampicillin, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Ampicillin may cause a widespread maculopapular rash in a patient with glandular fever.

      Explanation:

      Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms but is inactivated by penicillinases (similar to amoxicillin in spectrum). Ampicillin is associated with high levels of resistance, therefore it is often not appropriate for blind treatment of infection. It is principally indicated for the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and middle ear infections, both of which may be due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae, and for urinary tract infections.

      Maculopapular rashes commonly occur with ampicillin (and amoxicillin) but are not usually related to true penicillin allergy. They almost always occur in patients with glandular fever; thus broad-spectrum penicillins should not be used for blind treatment of a sore throat. The risk of rash is also increased in patients with acute or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or in cytomegalovirus infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      28.7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - A 58-year-old male has cellulitis of his left leg. Because he is allergic to...

    Correct

    • A 58-year-old male has cellulitis of his left leg. Because he is allergic to penicillin, you start him on erythromycin.

      What is erythromycin's mechanism of action?

      Your Answer: Inhibition of protein synthesis

      Explanation:

      Bacteriostatic antibiotics include erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. They work by attaching to the bacterial ribosome’s 50S subunit, preventing translocation and thereby protein synthesis. Macrolide antibiotics are actively concentrated inside leukocytes and delivered to the infection site as a result.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Regarding aciclovir, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding aciclovir, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Aciclovir eradicates herpes simplex virus from the body.

      Explanation:

      Aciclovir is active against herpesviruses but does not eradicate latent virus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      35.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - A patient allergic to penicillin and with marked cellulitis presents and you...

    Incorrect

    • A patient allergic to penicillin and with marked cellulitis presents and you decide to start him on erythromycin.

      Which statement about macrolide antibiotics is true?

      Your Answer: They can be used to treat meningitis

      Correct Answer: They are actively concentrated within leukocytes

      Explanation:

      Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic.

      They act by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibit protein synthesis.

      Macrolide antibiotics are actively concentrated within leukocytes, because of this, they are transported into the site of infection.

      Macrolide antibiotics are not effective in meningitis as they do not penetrate the central nervous system well.

      They are mainly against Gram-positive organisms and can be used as an alternative in patients with penicillin allergy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      21.1
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - In the Paediatric Emergency Department, you saw a 6-year-old girl with severe bilateral conjunctivitis....

    Incorrect

    • In the Paediatric Emergency Department, you saw a 6-year-old girl with severe bilateral conjunctivitis. You give her mother some general eye hygiene advice and prescribe chloramphenicol eye drops.

      What is the chloramphenicol's mechanism of action?

      Your Answer: Disruption of cell membrane function

      Correct Answer: Inhibition of protein synthesis

      Explanation:

      Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome’s peptidyl transferase activity. When administered systemically, it has limited usage due to the potential of significant side effects such as aplastic anaemia, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuritis. It’s only used to treat typhoid fever and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, but it’s usually better to use a broad-spectrum cephalosporin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      21.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - A patient presents with a cough, productive of green sputum and fever. He...

    Correct

    • A patient presents with a cough, productive of green sputum and fever. He was commenced on antibiotics 4 days earlier, but his condition has worsened. There is a documented history of penicillin allergy, and the GP prescribed erythromycin.

      Erythromycin exert its pharmacological effect by binding to?

      Your Answer: The 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome

      Explanation:

      Macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics. They act by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibit translocation, therefore, inhibiting protein synthesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - In a ward round, you come across a patient's treatment chart prescribed an...

    Incorrect

    • In a ward round, you come across a patient's treatment chart prescribed an antibiotic to fight his infection. This antibiotic is a protein synthesis inhibitor.

      Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is prescribed to this patient?

      Your Answer: Vancomycin

      Correct Answer: Gentamicin

      Explanation:

      Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, acts by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and thus preventing initiation of protein synthesis.

      Vancomycin inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding the D-Ala-D-Ala portion of cell wall precursors.

      Penicillins and cephalosporins are the major antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They inactivate transpeptidases that help cross-link peptidoglycans in cell walls.

      Metronidazole and the other 5-nitroimidazole agents inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by forming toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA.

      Ciprofloxacin inhibits prokaryotic enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      18.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - A 30-year-old woman presents with a history of fever and sore throat. On...

    Correct

    • A 30-year-old woman presents with a history of fever and sore throat. On examination, there is tonsillar exudate and cervical lymphadenopathy and a diagnosis of tonsillitis is made. A course of penicillin is prescribed.

      What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

      Your Answer: Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

      Explanation:

      Penicillin is bactericidal and produces its antimicrobial action by preventing cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up the bacterial cell wall. This action inhibits cell wall synthesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following side effects is most likely caused by erythromycin: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following side effects is most likely caused by erythromycin:

      Your Answer: QT - prolongation

      Explanation:

      The side effects of erythromycin include abdominal pain, anaphylaxis,
      cholestatic hepatitis, confusion,
      diarrhoea, dyspepsia, fever, flatulence, hallucinations, hearing loss,
      headache, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, hypotension, Interstitial
      nephritis, mild allergic reactions, nausea, nervous system effects,
      including seizures, pain, pruritus, pseudomembranous colitis,
      QT prolongation, rash, skin eruptions, tinnitus, urticaria,
      ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, vertigo, vomiting

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      22.3
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - You investigated a patient with a chest infection and want to start antibiotics right...

    Correct

    • You investigated a patient with a chest infection and want to start antibiotics right away. The patient says they she can't take cephalosporins when you ask about allergies.

      Choose the 'second-generation' cephalosporin from the following choices?

      Your Answer: Cefuroxime

      Explanation:

      Cephalosporins of the first generation  include cephalexin, cefradine, and cefadroxil. Urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and skin and soft-tissue infections are all treated with them.

      Second-generation cephalosporins include cefuroxime, cefaclor, and cefoxitin. These cephalosporins are less vulnerable to beta-lactamase inactivation than the ‘first-generation’ cephalosporins. As a result, they’re effective against germs that are resistant to other antibiotics, and they’re especially effective against Haemophilus influenzae.

      Cephalosporins of the third generation include cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. They are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria than second generation’ cephalosporins. They are, however, less effective against Gram-positive bacteria such Staphylococcus aureus than second-generation cephalosporins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - For which of the following infections is phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) primarily used? ...

    Incorrect

    • For which of the following infections is phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) primarily used?

      Your Answer: MRSA septicaemia

      Correct Answer: Streptococcal tonsillitis

      Explanation:

      Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) is less active than benzylpenicillin but both have similar antibacterial spectrum. Because penicillin V is gastric-acid stable, it is suitable for oral administration, but should not be used for serious infections as absorption can be unpredictable and plasma concentrations can be variable.
      Its uses are:
      1. mainly for respiratory tract infections in children
      2. for streptococcal tonsillitis
      3. for continuing treatment after one or more injections of benzylpenicillin when clinical response has begun.
      4. for prophylaxis against streptococcal infections following rheumatic fever and against pneumococcal infections following splenectomy or in sickle-cell disease.

      It should not be used for meningococcal or gonococcal infections.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Streptococcus viridans has developed subacute bacterial endocarditis in your patient. Which of the...

    Incorrect

    • Streptococcus viridans has developed subacute bacterial endocarditis in your patient. Which of the following locations is most likely to be the organism's origin?

      Your Answer: Skin

      Correct Answer: Oral cavity

      Explanation:

      Streptococci that are alpha-haemolytic, such as Streptococcus viridans, are major components of the flora in the oral cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - You're currently treating an infection in a patient and trying to figure out...

    Correct

    • You're currently treating an infection in a patient and trying to figure out which antibiotic would be best.

      Which of the following antimicrobial drugs inhibits the formation of cell walls?

      Your Answer: Cefuroxime

      Explanation:

      Cefuroxime and other cephalosporin antibiotics are bactericidal ß-lactam antibiotics. They work similarly to penicillins in that they prevent cross-linking between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up the bacterial cell wall. As a result, they prevent the formation of cell walls.
      The following is a summary of the various mechanisms of action of various types of antimicrobial agents:

      1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
      Penicillins
      Cephalosporins
      Vancomycin

      2) Disruption of cell membrane function
      Polymyxins
      Nystatin
      Amphotericin B

      3) Inhibition of protein synthesis
      Macrolides
      Aminoglycosides
      Tetracyclines
      Chloramphenicol

      4) Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
      Quinolones
      Trimethoprim
      5-nitroimidazoles
      Rifampicin

      5) Anti-metabolic activity
      Sulphonamides
      Isoniazid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      20.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Infections (18/30) 60%
Pharmacology (15/25) 60%
Microbiology (3/5) 60%
Passmed
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