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  • Question 1 - Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Adrenal cortex

      Correct Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      The liver primarily synthesizes about 20-25% of the total daily cholesterol. Cholesterol is also synthesized to smaller extents in the adrenal glands, reproductive organs (as cholesterol is the precursor of sex hormones), skin and is also produced in the intestines.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Absorption of fructose is via: ...

    Correct

    • Absorption of fructose is via:

      Your Answer: Facilitated diffusion

      Explanation:

      Dietary fructose may be ingested as a monosaccharide or as a disaccharide. Sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase to produce equal amounts of glucose and fructose and in this form, is usually completely absorbed. Fructose is mostly absorbed in the small intestine through GLUT-5 transporter mediated facilitative diffusion. This is an energy independent process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which hormone results in the production of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes but...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone results in the production of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes but low in volume?

      Your Answer: Pancreatic polypeptide

      Correct Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Explanation:

      Cholecystokinin (CCK) mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing gastric acid secretion. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes, hence the old name pancreozymin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is ...

    Incorrect

    • The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is

      Your Answer: A molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose

      Correct Answer: Two glucose molecules

      Explanation:

      Disaccharides are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides.Examples of disaccharides:Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located:

      Your Answer: In the muscularis propria

      Correct Answer: At the base of the crypts

      Explanation:

      Epithelial cells are renewed every 4-5 days through a process of renewal and migration. Renewal relies on proliferative cells or stem cells that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands. Crypts are epithelial invasions into the underlying connective tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      163.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach ...

    Incorrect

    • HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach

      Your Answer: G cells

      Correct Answer: Parietal cells

      Explanation:

      Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except:

      Your Answer: Sucrase

      Correct Answer: Alpha-amylase

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli which extend from the cell known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes. All these enzymes except alfa amylase are brush border enzymes. Alfa amylase is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above...

    Correct

    • The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above mentioned enzymes is located where?

      Your Answer: Brush border of small intestine

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion?

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      97.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - One function of the liver is synthesis and storage of protein. Which of...

    Correct

    • One function of the liver is synthesis and storage of protein. Which of the following will result in hypoalbuminemia?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Both trauma and sepsis cause an acute inflammatory response causing plasma leakage of albumin. Nephropathy causes leakage of albumin from glomeruli and excretion of albumin in urine known as albuminuria. A hypercatabolic state is characterized by increased circulating catabolic hormones and increase break down of proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Pancreatic juice is usually? ...

    Correct

    • Pancreatic juice is usually?

      Your Answer: Alkaline

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature and has a high amount of bicarbonate ions. About 1500 ml is secreted every day. It also contains a large quantity of enzymes in the inactive form.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

      Your Answer: Chymotrypsinogen

      Correct Answer: Pepsinogen 1

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin.Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a proteinSeveral elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.Sterol esterasePhospholipaseSeveral nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNase and RNase.Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.1
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the? ...

    Incorrect

    • The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the?

      Your Answer: Chloride/bicarbonate exchanger

      Correct Answer: Hydrogen potassium ATPase

      Explanation:

      The rate limiting pump in HCl secretion is the H+/K+ ATPase pump.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      34.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is not secreted by cells in the antrum of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not secreted by cells in the antrum of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Somatostatin

      Correct Answer: Hydrochloric acid

      Explanation:

      Cells in the body of the stomach secrete mucus, HCl and pepsinogen. Cells in the antrum secrete pepsinogen, gastrin and mucus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      81.1
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon...

    Incorrect

    • How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon atoms) absorbed?

      Your Answer: Re-esterified to triglycerides and enter capillaries as low density lipoproteins

      Correct Answer: Re-esterified to triglycerides and enter the lymphatics as chylomicrons

      Explanation:

      Short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed into the blood via intestinal capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. They are re-esterified to triglycerides and are coated with cholesterol and protein, forming chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are released in the lymphatic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      773.3
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The intestine is lined by: ...

    Correct

    • The intestine is lined by:

      Your Answer: Simple columnar epithelium

      Explanation:

      In the small intestine, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. The epithelium is arranged into villi, creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption. The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli.In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucous, are also present.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:...

    Incorrect

    • The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:

      Your Answer: Left gastric artery

      Correct Answer: Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

      Explanation:

      The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the left and the right gastro-epiploic arteries branching from the splenic artery near the hilum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their...

    Incorrect

    • Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their products?

      Your Answer: Enterochromaffin cells and VIP

      Correct Answer: D cells and somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone is secreted form the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      30
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The haustral pattern seen in the normal colon is produced by ...

    Incorrect

    • The haustral pattern seen in the normal colon is produced by

      Your Answer: Valvulae conniventes

      Correct Answer: Taenia coli

      Explanation:

      The haustra (singular haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance. The teniae coli run the length of the large intestine. Because the taeniae coli are shorter than the intestine, the colon becomes sacculated between the taeniae coli, forming the haustra.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The oesophagus is lined by ...

    Incorrect

    • The oesophagus is lined by

      Your Answer: Simple squamous epithelium

      Correct Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium

      Explanation:

      The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa, submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper two thirds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following substances inhibits pancreatic secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following substances inhibits pancreatic secretion?

      Your Answer: Pancreatic polypeptide

      Explanation:

      Number of hormones and neurotransmitters can stimulate and inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. Cholecystokinin, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P stimulate pancreatic secretion. Pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin inhibit pancreatic secretion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The pressure in the sinusoids is normally: ...

    Correct

    • The pressure in the sinusoids is normally:

      Your Answer: Lower than portal venous pressure

      Explanation:

      The direction of transport of nutrients in the portal vein occurs from the portal vein to the hepatic sinusoids. Thus, he pressure of sinusoids should be lower than the pressure of he portal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.5
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Absorption of protein antigens i.e. bacterial and viral proteins takes place in the:...

    Incorrect

    • Absorption of protein antigens i.e. bacterial and viral proteins takes place in the:

      Your Answer: Brunner’s glands of the intestine

      Correct Answer: Microfold cells (m cells) of the intestine

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells. They have a high capacity of transcytosis of microorganisms and macromolecules. They rapidly uptake antigens and present them to immune cells associated with the gut. In contrast to absorptive enterocytes, M cells do not exert direct defence mechanisms to antigens and pathogens in the intestinal cavity. Crypts of Lieberkühn are located mainly in the small intestine and large intestine and the main function is to replenish epithelial cells and to secrete intestinal enzymatic juice as well as mucous. Brunner’s glands empty into intestinal glands and their main function is to secrete mucin and to form a protective mucus layer on the duodenal epithelial cells to protect it from acidic chyme coming from the stomach. Islets of Langerhans are located in the pancreas and secrets insulin mainly. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue plays a role in inducing immune response after presentation of antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      22.8
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G...

    Incorrect

    • During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach

      Explanation:

      Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Incorrect

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Interstitial cells of cajal

      Explanation:

      The interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus. The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization from -65mV to -45mV. This rhythm of depolarization-repolarization of the cell membrane creates a slow wave known as a basic electrical rhythm (BER), and it is transmitted to the smooth muscle cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion of fat begin in a normal human being?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      The enzyme lipase which is responsible for digestion of fat is secreted by the exocrine pancreas in the 2nd part of the duodenum at the point where the pancreatic duct opens. It opens together with the common bile duct which contains bile that emulsify fat aiding in digestion. The oesophagus, stomach and mouth do not contain enzymes related to fat digestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include ...

    Incorrect

    • Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Reduce surface tension, emulsification and transportation

      Explanation:

      Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant reducing surface tension, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Peristaltic movements of the oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter contracts preventing reflux of acid into the oesophagus. The sling muscles of the stomach, the crura of the diaphragm and the phreno-oesophageal ligament all play an important role in constricting the lower portion of the oesophagus and preventing reflux. Peristaltic movements do not stop the acid reflux.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What is the primary problem of achalasia ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary problem of achalasia

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Deficiency of myenteric plexus at the lower oesophageal sphincter

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus is characterized by the failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and aperistalsis, caused primarily by the loss of the inhibitory innervation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (8/23) 35%
Medicine (8/23) 35%
Passmed
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