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  • Question 1 - The midbrain, medulla and pons, contain the following cranial nerve nuclei? ...

    Correct

    • The midbrain, medulla and pons, contain the following cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 3 - 12

      Explanation:

      The cranial nerves (with the exception of I and II) originate in the brainstem, which includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The majority of corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the: ...

    Correct

    • The majority of corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the:

      Your Answer: Medulla

      Explanation:

      The corticospinal tract is a descending motor path way that begins in the cerebral cortex and decussates in the pyramids of the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      64.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance...

    Correct

    • Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance can be present in the lowest concentration before taste buds will respond?

      Your Answer: Strychnine hydrochloride (bitter)

      Explanation:

      The lowest concentration of a gustatory stimulus to which the taste buds respond is considered to be the threshold concentration for that substance. The threshold concentration for strychnine is 0.0001 mm; this is because it allows the body to detect potentially dangerous substances (bitter plant components) at lower concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      96.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The primary auditory cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The primary auditory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 41

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      83.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?

      Your Answer: Spinal cord

      Explanation:

      The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      60.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with: ...

    Incorrect

    • The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with:

      Your Answer: Ectodermal cells

      Correct Answer: Mesothelial cells

      Explanation:

      The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial and much thicker dura mater and the deeper pia mater, from which it is separated by the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid mater consists of a subdural mesothelial layer and a compact central layer

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      107.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain? ...

    Incorrect

    • The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain?

      Your Answer: Thalamic nuclei

      Correct Answer: Medulla and midbrain

      Explanation:

      The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      17.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided? ...

    Correct

    • Into how many functional units can the cerebellum be divided?

      Your Answer: 3

      Explanation:

      The functional division of the cerebellum are the: Vestibulocerebellum (floculonodular lobe), Spinocerebellum (vermis and associated areas in the midline) and cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      41.5
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The cavernous sinus is? ...

    Incorrect

    • The cavernous sinus is?

      Your Answer: Medial to the body of the sphenoid

      Correct Answer: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid

      Explanation:

      It is a venous sinus which creates a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. There are 2 on either side. It is about 1cm wide and extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. They sit on either side or lateral to the sphenoid bone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      56.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The thalamic nuclei that project over wide regions of the neocortex are: ...

    Incorrect

    • The thalamic nuclei that project over wide regions of the neocortex are:

      Your Answer: Midline and intralaminar nuclei

      Correct Answer: Specific relay nuclei

      Explanation:

      The thalamus is considered the relay station for sensory and motor stimuli. There are three basic types of thalamic nuclei: relay nuclei, association nuclei and non-specific nuclei. Relay nuclei receive very well defined inputs and project this signal to functionally distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. These include the nuclei that relay primary sensations and also the nuclei involved in feedback of cerebellar signals and basal gangliar output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      44.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:...

    Correct

    • Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:

      Your Answer: Choroid plexus

      Explanation:

      About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      24.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion? ...

    Correct

    • On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?

      Your Answer: Α2 receptor

      Explanation:

      Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      84.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in: ...

    Correct

    • Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in:

      Your Answer: K

      Explanation:

      Cochlear fluids namely endolymph and perilymph have different compositions. Perilymph is a typical extracellular fluid, with ionic composition comparable to plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. The main cation is sodium. Endolymph is a totally unique extracellular fluid, with an ion composition unlike that which is found anywhere else in the body. The major cation in the endolymph is potassium and there is virtually no sodium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      47.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity?

      Your Answer: Working memory

      Explanation:

      Synaptic plasticity is an important neurochemical foundation of working memory and generation of memory. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      68.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:...

    Incorrect

    • Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:

      Your Answer: Pons

      Correct Answer: Ponto-medullary junction

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerves III, IV and V exit from the pons, VI, VII, VIII exit from the pontomedullary junction and cranial nerve IX, X, XI, XII exit from the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      56.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?

      Your Answer: Superior sagittal sinus

      Explanation:

      Falx cerebri is a sickle cell fold of dura between the two hemispheres. Its posterior part blends with the superior part of the tentorium cerebelli. The superior sagittal sinus runs in its upper fixed margin, the inferior sagittal sinus in the free concave margin and the straight sinus along its attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      45.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Explanation:

      Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include:

      1. Dopamine: A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, and motor control.
      2. Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, and stress responses.
      3. Serotonin: Although not listed in the options, it is another key monoamine involved in mood regulation.

      The other neurotransmitters listed are not monoamines:

      • Acetylcholine: This is a different type of neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and various brain functions.
      • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): This is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
      • Glutamate: This is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
      • Glycine: An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      16.3
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus?

      Your Answer: CN 2

      Explanation:

      Oculomotor nerve (N3), trochlear nerve (N4), ophthalmic and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N5) pass along its lateral border. The abducent nerve (N6) passes through it along with the internal carotid artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      110.4
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual...

    Correct

    • The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual reflexes.

      Your Answer: Superior colliculus

      Explanation:

      The tectum is a part of the midbrain, specifically, the dorsal part of the midbrain. The tectum consists of the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      58.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?...

    Correct

    • What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?

      Your Answer: Astrocyte

      Explanation:

      Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      82.2
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle: ...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the correct answer: fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle:

      Your Answer: Are predominantly afferent fibers (input to the cerebellum)

      Correct Answer: Are mainly ventral spinocerebellar tracts from the cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus

      Explanation:

      There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

      The superior cerebellar peduncle contains vital afferent and efferent fibers including cerebellothalamic, cerebellorubral and ventrospinocerebellar tracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      121.5
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?...

    Correct

    • The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 5 to 8

      Explanation:

      The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      61.9
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The choroid plexus: ...

    Correct

    • The choroid plexus:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus is a vascular structure found in all cerebral ventricles. The functional unit of the choroid plexus, composed of a capillary, enveloped by a layer of differentiated ependymal epithelium. Unlike the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus capillaries are fenestrated and have no tight junctions. The endothelium, therefore, does not form a barrier to the movement of small molecules. Instead, the blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus is formed by the epithelial cells and the tight junctions that link them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      50
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following forms the language areas of the cerebral cortex? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following forms the language areas of the cerebral cortex?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the submarginal sulcus and the angular gyrus all form the language areas of the cerebral cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      33.9
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum… ...

    Correct

    • Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum…

      Your Answer: All options are correct

      Explanation:

      Cerebrocerebellum is comprised of two lateral regions, the cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the cerebral cortex. It is principally responsible for controlling coordination of movement. Three fiber bundles carry the input and output of the cerebellum. There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      55.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly? ...

    Incorrect

    • The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly?

      Your Answer: Α fibers

      Correct Answer: C fibers

      Explanation:

      According to Erlanger- Grasser classification preganglionic fibers are B fibers whereas post ganglionic fibers are C fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      85.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Where do the meningeal veins lie? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where do the meningeal veins lie?

      Your Answer: Pia mater

      Correct Answer: Endosteal layer of the dura

      Explanation:

      Meningeal veins lie in the endosteal layer of the dura. The veins lie lateral to the arteries.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      81.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Wernicke’s area: ...

    Correct

    • Wernicke’s area:

      Your Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      40.7
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer: Brain interstitial fluid and CSF do not communicate freely

      Correct Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      163.9
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is: ...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:

      Your Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior earGeneral visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid musclesSpecial visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      96.4
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per square millimetre of the cell membrane?

      Your Answer: Initial segment 350-500

      Correct Answer: Nodes of Ranvier

      Explanation:

      The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+/K+ ATPases, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and a high density of Na+ channels. The estimated concentration of sodium channels in the node is of ∼1500/μm2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      64.3
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called: ...

    Correct

    • An exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus is called:

      Your Answer: Hyperalgesia

      Explanation:

      Allodynia is the sensation of pain following non-painful stimulation.

      Hyperalgesia is enhanced intensity of pain sensation.

      Causalgia is a constant burning pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury.

      Hyperesthesia is the abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of sense.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      57.2
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - The premotor cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The premotor cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 6

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      41.6
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is: ...

    Correct

    • In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is:

      Your Answer: 450-600 mls

      Explanation:

      CSF is produced around 20-25 ml per hour or 480-600ml per day.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      38.2
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - The nucleus ambiguus: ...

    Correct

    • The nucleus ambiguus:

      Your Answer: Regulates swallowing, phonation and parasympathetic supply to the heart via CN IX, X and XI

      Explanation:

      Nucleus Ambiguus is a group of large motor neurons found deep in the medullary reticular formation. It contains cell bodies of nerves that are responsible for the innervation of muscles of speech and swallowing which are located in the soft palate, pharynx and larynx. Additionally, it contains cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the heart via CN X, IX and XI

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      143.4
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax...

    Correct

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax and upper abdomen?

      Your Answer: CN X

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerve X supplies the structures of the thorax and abdomen. All the rest of the cranial nerves supply the structures in the head and neck

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      33.6
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?...

    Incorrect

    • In response to tissue injury, which of these cannot sensitize and activate nociceptors?

      Your Answer: Histamine

      Correct Answer: Calcium

      Explanation:

      Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin are all chemical mediators of inflammation with different distinct functions however all activate nociceptors. Calcium on the other hand cannot sensitize or activate nociceptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      36.7
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor...

    Correct

    • Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor neuron?

      Your Answer: Gama – motor neuron

      Explanation:

      The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is via Type Ia fibers whereas the motor supply is via gamma motor neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      79.1
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar...

    Correct

    • The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar cortex?

      Your Answer: Purkinje

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers. The molecular layer, the granule cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle. The Purkinje cells project into the deep cerebellar nuclei. They are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      38.4
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - The main reason for the prolonged effect of the withdrawal reflex is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The main reason for the prolonged effect of the withdrawal reflex is:

      Your Answer: Fast efferent conduction

      Correct Answer: Multiple connections between afferent and efferent neurons

      Explanation:

      The withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex that protects the body from harmful stimuli. Spinal reflexes are mostly monosynaptic and are mediated by a simple reflex arc. Withdrawal reflex is mediated by a polysynaptic reflex resulting in stimulation of many motor neurons in order to establish a quick and prolonged response.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      71.7
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (28/40) 70%
Neurology (28/40) 70%
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