-
Question 1
Correct
-
Habituation…
Your Answer: Is a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times
Explanation:It is a simple form of learning where an organism decreases or ceases it’s response to a certain stimuli after repeated presentation. The organisms learns to stop responding to a stimulus which is no longer biologically relevant.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels?
Your Answer: Dopamine
Explanation:Dopamine has an important effect on the regulation of prolactin secretion. Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors of the lactotroph cells that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 3
Incorrect
-
On review of a patient's serum and urine osmolality test result, you note that both osmolarities are decreased. There urine osmolality does not increase with fluid ingestion. What is the most likely cause?
Your Answer: Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer: Hyponatraemia
Explanation:As part of the investigation of hyponatraemia, serum osmolality is commonly requested in combination with urine osmolality to aid diagnosis. When: Serum osmolality is decreased and urine osmolality is decreased with no intake of fluid, the causes are Hyponatraemia Overhydration Adrenocortical insufficiency Sodium loss (diuretic or a low-salt diet) Serum osmolality is normal or increased and urine osmolality is increased the causes include: Dehydration Hyperkalaemia Hyperglycaemia Hyponatremia Mannitol therapy Diabetes mellitus Alcohol ingestion Congestive heart failure Renal disease and uraemia Serum osmolality is normal or increased and urine osmolality is decreased the usual cause is diabetes insipidus Serum osmolality is decreased and urine osmolality is increased the usual cause is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD)
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cell Biology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 4
Incorrect
-
Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would signify osteopenia?
Your Answer: Z score of -2.0
Correct Answer: T score of -2.2
Explanation:DEXA T Scores:Normal T-score ≥ −1.0Osteopenia −2.5 < T-score < −1.0Osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5Severe osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5 with fragility fracture
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 5
Incorrect
-
Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in endothelial cells?
Your Answer: Nos 1
Correct Answer: Nos 3
Explanation:There are only 3 isoforms:NOS 1: found in nervous systemNOS 2: in macrophages and other immune cellsNOS 3: In endothelial cells
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 6
Incorrect
-
The energy needed for glycogen synthesis comes from which compound?
Your Answer: NADPH
Correct Answer: UTP
Explanation:Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP)
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Metabolism
- Physiology
-
-
Question 7
Incorrect
-
Water hammer pulse is found in:
Your Answer: Mitral stenosis
Correct Answer: Aortic insufficiency
Explanation:Watson’s water hammer pulse is the medical sign which describes a pulse that is bounding and forceful, rapidly increasing and subsequently collapsing, as if it were the sound of a water hammer that was causing the pulse. A water hammer was a Victorian toy in which a tube was half filled with fluid, the remainder being a vacuum. The child would invert and reinvert the tube; each time the impact of the fluid at each end would sound like a hammer blow. This is associated with increased stroke volume of the left ventricle and decrease in the peripheral resistance leading to the widened pulse pressure of aortic regurgitation.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay?
Your Answer: Ca++ plays a role in the delay
Correct Answer: Shortened by sympathetic stimulation
Explanation:AV nodal delay Is about 0.1s before the action potential spreads to the ventricles. It is shortened by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and lengthened by stimulation of the parasympathetic system.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
Which of the following best describe N. Meningitides?
Your Answer: Gram negative cocci
Explanation:Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a gram negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcaemia, a life-threatening sepsis. The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round, and more specifically, diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs. About 10% of adults are carriers of the bacteria in their nasopharynx.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Infectious Diseases
- Physiology
-
-
Question 10
Correct
-
Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance?
Your Answer: Autosomal recessive
Explanation:Consanguinity involves being from the same kinship as another person. It is a common feature of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Physiology
-
-
Question 11
Incorrect
-
Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
Your Answer: Increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle
Correct Answer: Increased length of filling time during diastole
Explanation:Prolonged aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. Reduced heart rate prolongs ventricular diastole (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume, and ultimately allowing more blood to be ejected.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 12
Correct
-
Vagotomy leads to the following:
Your Answer: Irregular and chaotic peristalsis
Explanation:The Vagus nerve is primarily responsible for autonomic regulation involved in heart, lung and gastrointestinal function. The gastric branches supply the stomach. The right branch joins the celiac plexus and supplies the intestines. Vagotomy involves cutting of the vagus nerve or its branches which is a now-obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease. Vagotomy causes a decrease in peristalsis and a change in the emptying patterns of the stomach.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 13
Correct
-
Which of the following statements is most suitable to describe necrosis?
Your Answer: Significant inflammatory response
Explanation:Necrosis is the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the (regulated) apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated, and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. This initiates in the surrounding tissue an inflammatory response which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes which eliminate the dead cells by phagocytosis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cell Biology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 14
Incorrect
-
Which ion channel is a dimer?
Your Answer: K+ channel
Correct Answer: Cl- channel
Explanation:A dimer is a chemical structure formed from two similar sub-units. Chloride channels or exchangers are composed of two similar subunits—a dimer—each subunit containing one pore.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cell Biology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 15
Incorrect
-
Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor neuron?
Your Answer: Alfa – motor neuron
Correct Answer: Gama – motor neuron
Explanation:The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is via Type Ia fibers whereas the motor supply is via gamma motor neurons.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 16
Correct
-
What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?
Your Answer: Vitreous humor
Explanation:The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 17
Incorrect
-
A trauma victim who has been intubated is tachycardic, hypotensive, and has a poor urine output. You feel she is dehydrated and decide to use a central venous catheter to help you manage her. As part of this, you keep an eye on the waveform of central venous pressure (CVP). Which of the following cardiac cycle phases corresponds to the CVP waveform's 'a wave'?
Your Answer: Late systole
Correct Answer: End diastole
Explanation:The pressure measured in the right atrium or superior vena cava is known as central venous pressure (CVP). In a spontaneously breathing subject, the usual CVP value is 0-8 cmH2O (0-6 mmHg). The structure of the CVP waveform is as follows: The CVP’s components are listed in the table below: Component of the waveform The cardiac cycle phase. mechanical event mechanical event Diastole Atrial contraction a wave C wave v wave Early systole The tricuspid valve closes and bulges Late Systole Filling of the atrium with systolic blood x descent y descent Mid systole Relaxation of the atrium Early diastole Filling of the ventricles at an early stage
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 18
Incorrect
-
Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?
Your Answer: Astrocyte
Correct Answer: Microglia
Explanation:Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 19
Correct
-
Question 20
Correct
-
The internodal tract of Bachman:
Your Answer: Connects the SA node to the AV node
Explanation:Internodal tract of Bachman connects the SA node to the AV node conducting the electrical impulses generated from the SA node to the AV node and from the AV node to the rest of the electrical complex of the heart.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 21
Incorrect
-
Which of the following associations is false?
Your Answer: Olfactory nerve – foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Correct Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum
Explanation:– The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate- The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum- The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen- The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale- The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 22
Incorrect
-
Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen is by
Your Answer: Chymotrypsin
Correct Answer: Trypsin
Explanation:The enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyse the reaction pro-colipase → colipase. Colipase is necessary, along with bile salts, to enable lipase function.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 23
Incorrect
-
Following an action potential, cytosolic Ca2+ is increased. The binding of free Ca2+ to troponin C results in all of the following except:
Your Answer: Formation of myosin/troponin i cross-bridges
Correct Answer: Weakening of the troponin i interaction with actin
Explanation:At rest, troponin i is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the site where the myosin head interacts with actin. When Calcium enters into the muscle, it binds with troponin C and cause a structural change in troponin i which moves out of the myosin binding site and causes the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments to occur.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 24
Incorrect
-
Question 25
Correct
-
Which of the following is not a feature of Liddle’s syndrome?
Your Answer: Autosomal recessive inheritance
Explanation:Liddle’s syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone. Liddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium-sparing diuretic drugs (e.g., amiloride).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 26
Correct
-
Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from
Your Answer: T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion
Explanation:Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion through the greater splanchnic nerve.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 27
Correct
-
Which of the following is a function of Vitamin C?
Your Answer: Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline for collagen synthesis
Explanation:Vitamin C acts as an electron donor for eight different enzymes: Three enzymes (prolyl-3-hydroxylase, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, and lysyl hydroxylase) that are required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 28
Incorrect
-
Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater?
Your Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Vater
Correct Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Wirsung
Explanation:The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 29
Correct
-
Which cells secrete insulin?
Your Answer: B cells of the pancreatic islets
Explanation:Insulin is synthesised and stored by the B cells of the pancreatic islets (70% of islet cells), glucagon is synthesised and stored in the A cells (20%) and somatostatin is synthesised and stored in the D cells (10%).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 30
Incorrect
-
Initial depolarization of cardiac muscle is due to influx of:
Your Answer: Ca++
Correct Answer: Na+
Explanation:Initial depolarization of the cardiac muscle results from opening of the sodium voltage gated channels. This results in the influx of sodium and an increase in the membrane potential towards threshold. Potassium efflux results in repolarization.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
