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  • Question 1 - Regarding gas gangrene, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding gas gangrene, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Infection is characterised by rapidly spreading tissue myonecrosis with crepitus.

      Explanation:

      Gas gangrene usually occurs within 3 days of injury, and is characterised by pain, rapidly spreading oedema, myositis, necrosis, palpable crepitus and systemic toxicity. Diagnosis is clinical and laboratory confirmation should not delay urgent surgical intervention. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be considered in addition to surgery and antibiotic therapy, to stop toxin production and inhibit bacteria from replicating and spreading (as Clostridium spp. are obligate anaerobes).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      4.7
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - A 75-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis had gained weight, developed resistant hypertension, muscle...

    Correct

    • A 75-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis had gained weight, developed resistant hypertension, muscle weakness, and ankle oedema. This patient is most likely suffering from what condition?

      Your Answer: Cushing's syndrome

      Explanation:

      Overuse of cortisol medication, as seen in the treatment of patients with chronic asthma or rheumatoid arthritis, can cause Cushing’s syndrome.

      Weight gain, thin arms and legs, a round face, increased fat around the base of the neck, a fatty hump between the shoulders, easy bruising, wide purple stretch marks primarily on the abdomen, breasts, hips, and under the arms, weak muscles, hirsutism, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, frontal alopecia, acne, depression, poor wound healing, and polycythaemia are all clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      2.6
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - Regarding the tongue, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the tongue, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: The lingual tonsil is found on the underside of the tongue.

      Correct Answer: The lymphatic supply of the tongue drains to the jugulo-omohyoid node of the deep cervical chain.

      Explanation:

      All lymphatics from the tongue ultimately drain into the deep cervical chain of nodes along the internal jugular vein, particularly the jugulo-omohyoid lymph node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      21
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - Identify the type of graph described below:

    A graph wherein the frequency distribution is...

    Incorrect

    • Identify the type of graph described below:

      A graph wherein the frequency distribution is represented by adjoining vertical bars and cases are stacked in adjoining columns. It can be used for continuous quantitative data, such as to analyse outbreak data to show an epidemic curve.

      Your Answer: Stem and leaf plot

      Correct Answer: Histogram

      Explanation:

      A histogram is used to demonstrate the distribution of continuous quantitative data. It is a very familiar graphical display device for representing the distribution of a single batch of data. The range of the data is divided into class intervals or bins, and the number of values falling into each interval is counted. The histogram then consists of a series of rectangles whose widths are defined by the class limits implied by the binwidths, and whose heights depend on the number of values in each bin. Histograms quickly reveal such attributes of the data distribution as location, spread, and symmetry. If the data are multimodal (i.e., more than one “hump” in the distribution of the data), this is quickly evident as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Evidence Based Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - The primary mechanism of action of ketamine is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary mechanism of action of ketamine is:

      Your Answer: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-receptor antagonist

      Correct Answer: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist

      Explanation:

      Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of the calcium-ion channel in the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor. It further inhibits the NMDA-receptor by binding to its phencyclidine binding site. Ketamine also acts at other receptors as an opioid receptor agonist (analgesic effects), as an muscarinic anticholinergic receptor antagonist (antimuscarinic effects) and by blocking fast sodium channels (local anaesthetic effect).

      Overdose may lead to panic attacks and aggressive behaviour; rarely seizures, increased ICP, and cardiac arrest

      Very similar in chemical makeup to PCP (phencyclidine), but it is shorter acting and less toxic

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anaesthesia
      • Pharmacology
      849.6
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - The 'pump handle' movement of the thoracic wall describes which of the following movements:...

    Incorrect

    • The 'pump handle' movement of the thoracic wall describes which of the following movements:

      Your Answer: Contraction of the diaphragm

      Correct Answer: The anterior ends of the ribs moving upwards and forwards

      Explanation:

      Because the anterior ends of the ribs are inferior to the posterior ends, when the ribs are elevated, the anterior end moves upwards and forwards, moving the sternum upwards and forwards in turn. This ‘pump handle’ upwards and forwards movement changes the anteroposterior (AP) dimension of the thorax.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      17.2
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion...

    Incorrect

    • A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion of the temporal lobe. What type of visual field defect would you most expect to see in this patient:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

      Explanation:

      Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) carry visual information, via the upper and lower optic radiations, to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe:
      The upper optic radiation carries fibres from the superior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the inferior visual field quadrants) and travels through the parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex.
      The lower optic radiation carries fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the superior visual field quadrants) and travels through the temporal lobe to reach the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - A tumour is discovered behind the pectinate line during an examination of a...

    Incorrect

    • A tumour is discovered behind the pectinate line during an examination of a 72-year-old patient with rectal bleeding. Which of the following is the lymphatic drainage of the pectinate line?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Superficial inguinal nodes

      Explanation:

      The pectinate line is known as the watershed line because it divides the anal canal into two sections. Below the pectinate line, lymphatic drainage drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - A patient is diagnosed as having a glucagonoma. Her blood serum glucagon concentration...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is diagnosed as having a glucagonoma. Her blood serum glucagon concentration is 1246 pg/mL.
      Glucagon is produced in which of the following cells? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Alpha-cells in the pancreas

      Explanation:

      Glucagon is a peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The main physiological role of glucagon is to stimulate hepatic glucose output, thereby leading to increases in glycaemia. It provides the major counter-regulatory mechanism to insulin in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
      Hypoglycaemia is the principal stimulus for the secretion of glucagon but may also be used as an antidote in beta-blocker overdose and in anaphylaxis in patients on beta-blockers that fail to respond to adrenaline.
      Glucagon then causes:
      Glycogenolysis
      Gluconeogenesis
      Lipolysis in adipose tissue
      The secretion of glucagon is also stimulated by:
      Adrenaline
      Cholecystokinin
      Arginine
      Alanine
      Acetylcholine
      The secretion of glucagon is inhibited by:
      Insulin
      Somatostatin
      Increased free fatty acids
      Increased urea production

      Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released by this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is inhibited by glucagon, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated so that when one cell pathway is activated, the other is inactive and vice versa.

      Glucagon has a minor effect of enhancing lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. It makes fatty acids available for oxidation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine Physiology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - All of the following statement about the microcirculation are correct except: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following statement about the microcirculation are correct except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Over the capillary bed, there is a net absorption of fluid.

      Explanation:

      The hydrostatic pressure along the length of the capillary is usually greater than plasma oncotic pressure. As a result, there is a small net filtration of fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space. The regulation of blood flow into the microcirculation is via the vasoconstriction of small arterioles, which is activated by the sympathetic nervous system through numerous nerve endings in their walls. Unlike proteins, most ions and small molecules diffuse easily across capillary walls and thus the crystalloid osmotic pressure they exert is roughly the same on either side of the capillary wall. Because the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is higher than interstitial colloid osmotic, fluid is drawn intravascularly. A reduction of hydrostatic capillary pressure and transient increase in absorption of fluid is a result of arteriolar constriction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - A 23 year old woman has noticed her skin seems to have a...

    Incorrect

    • A 23 year old woman has noticed her skin seems to have a yellow tinge and presents to the emergency room. On examination she is found to have jaundice and mild splenomegaly, and blood tests show that her Hb is 79 g/L. She only takes one regular medication. The medication that is most likely to cause haemolytic anaemia is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mefenamic acid

      Explanation:

      Mefenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used short-term (7 days or less) to treat mild to moderate pain in adults and children who are at least 14 years old. Mefenamic acid is also used to treat menstrual pain. It has only minor anti-inflammatory properties and has occasionally been associated with diarrhoea and haemolytic anaemia. If these occur, treatment should be discontinued.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Musculoskeletal
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - Which of the following nerves supply the superficial head of the flexor pollicis...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following nerves supply the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The recurrent branch of the median nerve

      Explanation:

      The two heads of the flexor pollicis brevis usually differ in their innervation. The superficial head of flexor pollicis muscle receives nervous supply from the recurrent branch of the median nerve, whereas the deep head receives innervation from the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, derived from spinal roots C8 and T1.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - Chronic myeloid leukaemia is most common in middle-aged and elderly people. It is...

    Incorrect

    • Chronic myeloid leukaemia is most common in middle-aged and elderly people. It is responsible for 20% of all leukemias.

      Which of the following statements about CML is NOT TRUE?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Serum B12 is typically low

      Explanation:

      Chronic myeloid leukaemia is most common in middle-aged and elderly people. It is responsible for 20% of all leukemias. The majority of CML patients experience fatigue, weight loss, and excessive sweating.

      The Philadelphia chromosome is found in over 90% of CML cases. A balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 is known as the Philadelphia chromosome.

      Because white cells produce a B12 binding protein, serum B12 levels in CML are typically high.

      In CML, the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score is usually low.

      Almost all patients with CML eventually progress to blast crisis, though this can take up to ten years. If any of the following features are present in a CML patient, a blast crisis is diagnosed:
      In the blood or bone marrow, there are more than 20% myeloblasts or lymphoblasts.
      On a bone marrow biopsy, large clusters of blasts were discovered.

      CML can be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib and dasatinib if a chloroma (a solid tumour made up of myeloblasts that grows outside of the bone marrow) is present.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - How does dipyridamole mediate its antiplatelet effect: ...

    Incorrect

    • How does dipyridamole mediate its antiplatelet effect:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.

      Explanation:

      Dipyridamole inhibits both the reuptake of adenosine and phosphodiesterase, preventing the degradation of cAMP and thus blocking the platelet aggregation response to ADP.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Intravenous lorazepam

      Explanation:

      First-line treatment is with intravenous lorazepam if available. Intravenous diazepam is effective but it carries a high risk of thrombophlebitis so should only be used if intravenous lorazepam is not immediately available. Absorption of diazepam from intramuscular injection or from suppositories is too slow for treatment of status epilepticus. When facilities for resuscitation are not immediately available or if unable to secure immediate intravenous access, diazepam can be administered as a rectal solution or midazolam oromucosal solution can be given into the buccal cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - What is the appropriate dose of 1:1000 adrenaline solution for a 15-year-old patient...

    Incorrect

    • What is the appropriate dose of 1:1000 adrenaline solution for a 15-year-old patient with suspected anaphylactic shock?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 500 micrograms intramuscularly

      Explanation:

      1: 1000 Adrenaline solution dosage for children above the age of 12 and adults, including pregnant women (over 50 kg) is 0.50 mL, which is equivalent to 500 mcg of adrenaline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pharmacology
      • Respiratory
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - A 28 year old man presents with abdominal pain and constipation, and bloods...

    Incorrect

    • A 28 year old man presents with abdominal pain and constipation, and bloods show hypocalcaemia. Which of the following hormones is increased as a result of hypocalcaemia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Parathyroid hormone

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which lie immediately behind the thyroid gland. In particular, this hormone is made by chief cells. It regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. This hormone is primarily released in response to decreasing plasma Ca2+ concentration and it serves to increase plasma calcium levels and decrease plasma phosphate levels.
      PTH activates Ca2+entry channels in the apical membrane and the Ca2+ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane and as a result, increases calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the nephron. It inhibits reabsorption of phosphate and this increases its excretion by in the proximal tubule of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Regarding bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: For each H + secreted into the lumen, one Na + and one HCO 3 - is reabsorbed into the plasma.

      Explanation:

      About 80% of bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. HCO3-is not transported directly, tubular HCO3-associates with H+secreted by epithelial Na+/H+antiporters to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which readily dissociates to form carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase. CO2and water diffuse into the tubular cells, where they recombine to form carbonic acid which dissociates to H+and HCO3-. This HCO3-is transported into the interstitium largely by Na+/HCO3-symporters on the basolateral membrane (and H+is secreted back into the lumen). For each H+secreted into the lumen, one Na+and one HCO3-are reabsorbed into the plasma. H+is recycled so there is little net secretion of H+at this stage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - You're called to a cardiac arrest in your Emergency Department resuscitation area. The...

    Incorrect

    • You're called to a cardiac arrest in your Emergency Department resuscitation area. The rhythm strip is shown in the diagram below. Defibrillation has already been attempted three times on the patient. You intended to administer amiodarone, but your department has informed you that it is not available. In these circumstances, if amiodarone is not available, which of the following drugs is recommended by the ALS guidelines? Ventricular fibrillation

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lidocaine

      Explanation:

      If amiodarone is unavailable in VF/pVT arrests, lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg can be used instead, according to the latest ALS guidelines. If amiodarone has already been given, no lidocaine should be given.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - A 43-year old male is taken to the Emergency Room for a lacerated...

    Incorrect

    • A 43-year old male is taken to the Emergency Room for a lacerated wound on the abdomen, situated above the umbilicus. A short segment of the small bowel has herniated through the wound.

      Which of these anatomic structures is the deepest structure injured in the case above?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Transversalis fascia

      Explanation:

      The following structures are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from the most superficial to the deepest layer:

      Skin
      Fatty layer of the superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia)
      Membranous layer of the superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia)
      Aponeurosis of the external and internal oblique muscles
      Rectus abdominis muscle
      Aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
      Fascia transversalis
      Extraperitoneal fat
      Parietal peritoneum

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - What is the main route of transmission of Mumps? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main route of transmission of Mumps?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Respiratory droplet route

      Explanation:

      Mumps is primarily transmitted person to person via respiratory droplets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - A 28-year-old asthmatic patient is seen in the Emergency Department following an acute...

    Incorrect

    • A 28-year-old asthmatic patient is seen in the Emergency Department following an acute exacerbation. His symptoms start to improve when your consultant gives him a high dose of IV aminophylline.

      Which of the following is correct mechanism of action of aminophylline ?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Inhibition of phosphodiesterase

      Explanation:

      Aminophylline has the following properties:
      Phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases intracellular cAMP and relaxes smooth muscle in the bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels.
      Mast cell stabilization is achieved by using a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pharmacology
      • Respiratory Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate,...

    Incorrect

    • A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate, nasal regurgitation of food, and nasal quality to the voice.

      Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely responsible for the aforementioned features?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vagus nerve

      Explanation:

      The vagus nerve, ‘the wanderer’, contains motor fibres (to the palate and vocal cords), sensory components (posterior and floor of external acoustic meatus) and visceral afferent and efferent fibres.

      Palatal weakness can cause nasal speech and nasal regurgitation of food. The palate moves asymmetrically when the patient says ‘ahh’. Recurrent nerve palsy results in hoarseness, loss of volume and ‘bovine cough’.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - Regarding defaecation, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding defaecation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Colonic mass movement occurs shortly after a meal due to distension of the stomach and duodenum.

      Explanation:

      Colonic mass movement describes the intense contraction that begins halfway along the transverse colon and pushes the intestinal contents in the proximal colon towards the rectum. It occurs shortly after a meal due to distension of the stomach and duodenum as part of the gastrocolic reflex and if faeces is present in the rectum, stimulates the urge to defecate. Distention of the rectum causes firing of afferent cholinergic parasympathetic fibres. The internal sphincter is made up of circular smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic fibres, and the more distal external sphincter is composed of striated muscle innervated by motor fibres from the pudendal nerve. During defaecation, relaxation of pelvic muscles straightens the rectum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - A 60-year-old female with a past history of rheumatic fever and a prosthetic...

    Incorrect

    • A 60-year-old female with a past history of rheumatic fever and a prosthetic mitral valve presents to you with fever and an episode of expressive dysphasia that lasted around 30 minutes. There is no history of known drug allergies On examination you note a systolic murmur and you suspect it is infective endocarditis.

      Which antibacterial agents would be the most appropriate to prescribe in this case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vancomycin, rifampicin and gentamicin

      Explanation:

      Endocarditis is infective or non infective inflammation (marantic endocarditis) of the inner layer of the heart and it often involves the heart valves.

      Risk factors include:
      Prosthetic heart valves
      Congenital heart defects
      Prior history of endocarditis
      Rheumatic fever
      Illicit intravenous drug use

      In the presentation of endocarditis, the following triad is often quoted:
      Persistent fever
      Embolic phenomena
      New or changing murmur

      A combination of vancomycin, rifampicin and gentamicin is advised if the patient has a cardiac prostheses, is penicillin allergic, or if methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected. In this case the patient has a prosthetic valve making this the most appropriate initial treatment regimen.

      Flucloxacillin and gentamicin are current recommended by NICE and the BNF for the initial ‘blind’ therapy in endocarditis. This patient has prostheses and this is not the most appropriate initial treatment regimen.

      Other features that may be present include heart failure, splenomegaly, finger clubbing, renal features (haematuria, proteinuria, nephritis), and vasculitic features (splinter haemorrhages, Osler’s nodes, Janeway lesions, Roth’s spots).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Specific Pathogen Groups
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - A 74-year-old woman with a history of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure...

    Incorrect

    • A 74-year-old woman with a history of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure is complaining of worsening oedema, bloating, and a loss of appetite. She has ascites and peripheral oedema on examination. Her oedema is being controlled by an oral diuretic, but it appears that this is no longer enough. You discuss her care with the on-call cardiology registrar, who believes she is very likely to have significant gut oedema that is interfering with her diuretic absorption and that she will need to change her medication.

      Which of the following oral diuretics is most likely to help you overcome this problem?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Bumetanide

      Explanation:

      Bumetanide is primarily used in patients with heart failure who have failed to respond to high doses of furosemide. Bumetanide and furosemide differ primarily in terms of bioavailability and pharmacodynamic potency. In the intestine, furosemide is only partially absorbed, with a bioavailability of 40-50 percent. Bumetanide, on the other hand, is almost completely absorbed in the intestine and has a bioavailability of about 80%. As a result, when it has a better bioavailability than furosemide, it is commonly used in patients with gut oedema.

      When taken alone, Bendroflumethiazide is a moderately potent diuretic that is unlikely to control her oedema.

      Mannitol is a type of osmotic diuretic used to treat cerebral oedema and high intracranial pressure.

      Acetazolamide is a weak diuretic that inhibits carbonic anhydrase. It’s a rare occurrence.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the electron transfer system? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the electron transfer system?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The electron transfer system occurs in anaerobic respiration.

      Explanation:

      The electron transfer system is responsible for most of the energy produced during respiration. The is a system of hydrogen carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen is transferred to the electron transfer system via the NADH2molecules produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. As a result, a H+ion gradient is generated across the inner membrane which drives ATP synthase. The final hydrogen acceptor is oxygen and the H+ions and O2 combine to form water.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Cellular
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - In the resus area of your Emergency Department, you are called to a...

    Incorrect

    • In the resus area of your Emergency Department, you are called to a VF cardiac arrest.

      During an adult VF arrest, which of the following points should be treated with adrenaline?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: After the 3 rd shock, once chest compressions have been resumed

      Explanation:

      In non-shockable (PEA/asystole) cardiac arrests, adrenaline should be given as soon as circulatory access is gained. The dose is 1 mg via IV or IO (10 mL of 1:10,000 or 1 mL of 1:1000).

      Once chest compressions have been resumed after the third shock in a shockable (Vf/pVT) cardiac arrest, adrenaline should be administered. The dosage is one milligram (10 mL of 1:10,000 or 1 mL of 1:1000)

      It should be given every 3-5 minutes after that (i.e. alternate loops) and without interrupting chest compressions.
      Systemic vasoconstriction is caused by the alpha-adrenergic effects of adrenaline, which raises coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures.

      Adrenaline’s beta-adrenergic effects are inotropic (increased myocardial contractility) and chronotropic (increased heart rate), and they can increase coronary and cerebral blood flow. However, concomitant increases in myocardial oxygen consumption and ectopic ventricular arrhythmias (especially in the absence of acidaemia), transient hypoxemia due to pulmonary arteriovenous shunting, impaired microcirculation, and increased post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction may offset these benefits.

      Although there is no evidence of long-term benefit from its use in cardiac arrest, the improved short-term survival reported in some studies justifies its use.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular Pharmacology
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - All of the following cause bronchoconstriction, EXCEPT for: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following cause bronchoconstriction, EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Adrenaline

      Explanation:

      Factors causing bronchoconstriction:

      • Via muscarinic receptors
      • Parasympathetic stimulation
      • Stimulation of irritant receptors
      • Inflammatory mediators e.g. histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
      • Beta-blockers

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Respiratory
      0
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - A 49-year-old woman with haemoglobin of 6 g/dL following persistent vaginal bleeding receives...

    Incorrect

    • A 49-year-old woman with haemoglobin of 6 g/dL following persistent vaginal bleeding receives blood transfusion. She developed pain and burning at her cannula site and complains of a feeling of “impending doom”, nausea, and severe back pain shortly after transfusion was started. Her temperature is 38.9ºC.

      What is the most appropriate treatment?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stop the transfusion and administer IV fluids

      Explanation:

      Acute haemolytic transfusion reactions present with: Feeling of ‘impending doom’ as the earliest symptom, fever and chills, pain and warmth at transfusion site, nausea and vomiting, back, joint, and chest pain. Transfusion should be stopped immediately and IV fluid (usually normal saline) administered.

      Supportive measures and paracetamol can be given since patient has fever but it is not the immediate first step.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Microbiology (1/1) 100%
Pathogens (1/1) 100%
Endocrine (1/1) 100%
Physiology (1/1) 100%
Evidence Based Medicine (0/1) 0%
Anaesthesia (0/1) 0%
Pharmacology (0/1) 0%
Anatomy (0/2) 0%
Thorax (0/1) 0%
Central Nervous System (0/1) 0%
Passmed