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Question 1
Correct
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When the heart rate is increased (to pathological levels) which of the following is correct when comparing the duration of diastole to systole?
Your Answer: It is shortened to a greater degree
Explanation:The duration of systole is more fixed than the duration of diastole. When the heart rate increases the timing of the systole remains more or less the same however diastole decreases.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 2
Correct
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The brainstem contains which of the following structures?
Your Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla
Explanation:Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Which statement regarding fever is correct:
Your Answer: There is diurnal variation of approximately 1°C
Correct Answer: Body temperature is regulated is by a centre in the floor of the third ventricle
Explanation:The hypothalamus is located on the floor of the third ventricle and is the centre of regulation of body temperature. It uses a set point to regulate other body systems as well. Diurnal variation of temperature is not seen in humans. the principal mediator of fever is interleukin I, although interferon alfa also plays a role. Fever can cause rhabdomyolysis or muscle breakdown
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Infectious Diseases
- Medicine
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Question 4
Correct
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According to the Vaughan William's classification of antiarrhythmic agents, lidocaine is a:
Your Answer: Class Ib agent
Explanation:Lidocaine is an example of class IB antiarrhythmics.The Vaughan-Williams classification of antiarrhythmicsI: Membrane stabilizing agentsIA: Quinidine, Procainamide, DisopyramideIB: Lidocaine, MexiletineIC: Propafenone, Flecainide II: β blockers – Propranolol, EsmololIII: Agents widening AP – Amiodarone, Dronedarone, Dofetilide, Ibutilide, SotalolIV: Calcium channel blockers – Verapamil, DiltiazemV: Miscellaneous – Digoxin, adenosine, magnesium
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
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Question 5
Correct
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Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas:
Your Answer: Hippocampus and striatum
Explanation:In humans, neurogenesis or new neurons are continually born during adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the striatum. In other species of mammals, adult-born neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb. In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Concerning the functional unit of the liver, which segment is most susceptible to hypoxic damage?
Your Answer: Zone 4
Correct Answer: Zone 3
Explanation:From a metabolic perspective, the functional unit is the hepatic acinus (terminal acinus), each of which is centred on the line connecting two portal triads and extends outwards to the two adjacent central veins. The periportal zone I is nearest to the entering vascular supply and receives the most oxygenated blood, making it least sensitive to ischemic injury while making it very susceptible to viral hepatitis. Conversely, the centrilobular zone III has the poorest oxygenation, and will be most affected during a time of ischemia.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Hepatobiliary
- Medicine
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Question 8
Correct
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Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance?
Your Answer: Autosomal recessive
Explanation:Consanguinity involves being from the same kinship as another person. It is a common feature of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Medicine
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Question 9
Correct
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The Sinoatrial node in the majority of people is supplied by the?
Your Answer: Right coronary artery
Explanation:In 60% of people, the SA node is supplied by the right coronary artery branch and in 40% of the people by the left coronary artery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 10
Correct
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Which clotting factor is responsible for stabilization of the fibrin clot by formation of covalent cross-linkages?
Your Answer: Factor XIIIa
Explanation:Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme of the blood coagulation system that crosslinks fibrin. Deficiency of this factor (FXIIID) affects clot stability.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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Question 11
Correct
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Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract.
Your Answer: Parasympathetic cholinergic activity increases the activity of intestinal smooth muscle
Explanation:The parasympathetic nerves stimulate peristalsis and relax the sphincters; they also stimulate secretion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 12
Correct
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In Argyll Robertson pupils…
Your Answer: All of the options given
Explanation:Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 13
Incorrect
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A 34-year-old man was brought to the ER following a road-traffic-accident. An X-ray of his left thigh revealed a fractured shaft of the left femur. He has a known history of opioid abuse. You are called to the ward to assess him after he becomes unwell. Which of the following clinical features are NOT compatible with a diagnosis of opioid withdrawal?
Your Answer: Yawning
Correct Answer: Hypothermia
Explanation:Among the options provided, hypothermia is not a symptom of opioid withdrawal.Symptoms of opioid withdrawal include dysphoric mood, yawning, insomnia, muscle aches, lacrimation/rhinorrhoea, papillary dilatation, piloerection, fever, sweating, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea.If the patient is having an opioid withdrawal reaction, then give 10 mg of methadone syrup and wait about 60 min to determine its effect.COWS (Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale) assessment for opioid withdrawal is commonly used to determine the severity of opioid withdrawal.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
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Question 14
Correct
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The AV Node:
Your Answer: It decelerates impulses passing to the ventricles
Explanation:The action potentials in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx. The depolarization continues to conduct slowly through the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum. This is small and bean-shaped. The atrial conductive system is organized so that the cardiac impulse does not travel from the atria into the ventricles too rapidly; this delay allows the atria to empty before ventricular contraction begins. It is the AV node and its adjacent conductive fibers that delay this transmission into the ventricles. Conduction through the AV Node is represented on the ECG by the PR interval.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 15
Correct
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An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the subsequent production of NH4 is called?
Your Answer: Glutaminase
Explanation:Glutaminase catalyses the following reaction:Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 16
Incorrect
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Mitosis is the process of cell division which culminates in cell chromosomes which are:
Your Answer: Haploid
Correct Answer: Diploid
Explanation:Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new diploid nuclei.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cell Biology
- Medicine
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Question 17
Correct
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Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes?
Your Answer: CCK
Explanation:CCK (Cholecystokinin): CCK is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine. It stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, which aids in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.
Secretin: Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It primarily stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize the acid, but it does not primarily stimulate enzyme secretion.
Gastrin: Gastrin is produced by G-cells in the stomach. It stimulates gastric acid secretion by the stomach, not pancreatic enzyme secretion.
Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas. It does not act to stimulate the pancreas; rather, it is a component of the pancreatic juice that helps digest proteins.
Elastase: Elastase is also an enzyme produced by the pancreas. Like chymotrypsin, it is involved in the digestion of proteins and does not stimulate the pancreas.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 18
Correct
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The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above mentioned enzymes is located where?
Your Answer: Brush border of small intestine
Explanation:The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 19
Incorrect
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Where does one find the thyroid receptors?
Your Answer: Cell membrane
Correct Answer: Cell nucleus
Explanation:Unlike many of the steroid receptors, inactive receptors for T3 are located in the nucleus. T4 is first converted into T3 within the cytoplasm of the cell, T3 then enters the nucleus and binds to its receptor. The hormone-receptor complex can now bind to DNA and activate specific genes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 20
Correct
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90% of erythropoietin necessary for haemopoesis is produced by the kidneys, the remainder is formed in the?
Your Answer: Liver
Explanation:Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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