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  • Question 1 - The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is: ...

    Correct

    • The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is:

      Your Answer: Lipase

      Explanation:

      Lipase is the principle enzyme that digest lipids. Amylase digest carbohydrates. Colipase is a co-enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase. Trypsin digest proteins and cholesterol esterase digest cholesterol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The oesophagus is lined by ...

    Correct

    • The oesophagus is lined by

      Your Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium

      Explanation:

      The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa, submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper two thirds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The blood supply to the liver is by ...

    Correct

    • The blood supply to the liver is by

      Your Answer: Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

      Explanation:

      The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers approximately 75% of the liver’s blood supply, and carries venous blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Dietary starch is mainly: ...

    Correct

    • Dietary starch is mainly:

      Your Answer: Amylopectin

      Explanation:

      Dietary starch consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight but depends in the plant. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity? ...

    Correct

    • Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity?

      Your Answer: M cells

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They transport antigens from the intestinal lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response. T and B cells are lymphocytes found in blood. Mucous cells secrete mucous and can be considered as a part of innate immunity. Chief cells in the gastric mucosa secret pepsin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is? ...

    Correct

    • The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is?

      Your Answer: Amylase

      Explanation:

      Carbohydrate digesting enzymes are known as amylase. Salivary amylase or ptyalin is the first enzyme to begin carbohydrate digestion in he oral cavity. Amylose is a component of carbohydrates and is not an enzyme. Isomaltase, maltase and sucrase are enzymes found in the small intestines that digest disaccharides like maltose and sucrose to monosaccharides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - What percentage of blood to the liver is supplied by hepatic artery? ...

    Correct

    • What percentage of blood to the liver is supplied by hepatic artery?

      Your Answer: 25%

      Explanation:

      The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers approximately 75% of the liver’s blood supply, and carries venous blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located: ...

    Correct

    • Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located:

      Your Answer: At the base of the crypts

      Explanation:

      Epithelial cells are renewed every 4-5 days through a process of renewal and migration. Renewal relies on proliferative cells or stem cells that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands. Crypts are epithelial invasions into the underlying connective tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include ...

    Correct

    • Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include

      Your Answer: Reduce surface tension, emulsification and transportation

      Explanation:

      Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant reducing surface tension, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except:

      Your Answer: Peristaltic movements of the oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter contracts preventing reflux of acid into the oesophagus. The sling muscles of the stomach, the crura of the diaphragm and the phreno-oesophageal ligament all play an important role in constricting the lower portion of the oesophagus and preventing reflux. Peristaltic movements do not stop the acid reflux.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its...

    Correct

    • Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its active site?

      Your Answer: Colipase

      Explanation:

      Colipase is a co enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase by facilitating the exposure of its active sites.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Two types of gallstones are: ...

    Correct

    • Two types of gallstones are:

      Your Answer: Calcium and cholesterol

      Explanation:

      Cholesterol stones are the most common gallstones followed by calcium carbonate and bilirubinate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm? ...

    Correct

    • Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm?

      Your Answer: Oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm acts to coordinate peristalsis and are initiated in the interstitial cells of Cajal, specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, below the oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Pancreatic juice is usually? ...

    Correct

    • Pancreatic juice is usually?

      Your Answer: Alkaline

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature and has a high amount of bicarbonate ions. About 1500 ml is secreted every day. It also contains a large quantity of enzymes in the inactive form.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.1
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is ...

    Correct

    • The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is

      Your Answer: Two glucose molecules

      Explanation:

      Disaccharides are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides.Examples of disaccharides:Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.4
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except:

      Your Answer: Kidney

      Explanation:

      The portal vein receives blood from the intestines via the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, from stomach via the gastric veins and from the spleen and pancreas via splenic vein. The kidney is supplied by the renal artery and drains into the renal vein into the inferior venacava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The cells that secrete HCL are found in which part of the stomach?...

    Correct

    • The cells that secrete HCL are found in which part of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Body

      Explanation:

      The stomach can be divided in to different regions. Cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus from proximal end to distal end respectively. Different cell types are distributed accordingly among the regions of the stomach. Cells that secret HCl in the gastric mucosa are known as parietal cells and are abundant in the gastric body region. They have receptors for acetylcholine stimulated via the vagus nerve, histamine receptors and gastrin receptors which stimulate gastric acid secretion. G cells that secret gastrin are abundant in the antrum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract.

      Your Answer: Parasympathetic cholinergic activity increases the activity of intestinal smooth muscle

      Explanation:

      The parasympathetic nerves stimulate peristalsis and relax the sphincters; they also stimulate secretion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:...

    Correct

    • The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:

      Your Answer: Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

      Explanation:

      The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the left and the right gastro-epiploic arteries branching from the splenic artery near the hilum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion...

    Correct

    • Where in the course of the gastrointestinal tract does the first significant digestion of fat begin in a normal human being?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      The enzyme lipase which is responsible for digestion of fat is secreted by the exocrine pancreas in the 2nd part of the duodenum at the point where the pancreatic duct opens. It opens together with the common bile duct which contains bile that emulsify fat aiding in digestion. The oesophagus, stomach and mouth do not contain enzymes related to fat digestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes...

    Correct

    • The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes contraction of the intrinsic sphincter?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) is a specific region of the oesophageal circular smooth muscle. It allows the passage of a food bolus to the stomach and prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. The tone of the LOS is myogenic in origin and depends on smooth muscle properties that lead to the opening of Ca2+ channels but can also be modulated by enteric motor neurons, the parasympathetic and sympathetic extrinsic nervous system and several neurohumoral substances. Nitric oxide causes LOS relaxation. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The sympathetic supply to the stomach comes from the: ...

    Correct

    • The sympathetic supply to the stomach comes from the:

      Your Answer: Celiac plexus

      Explanation:

      The vagus nerve supplies the stomach and up to proximal two-thirds of the large intestine and has parasympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic chain which begins at the level of he 1st thoracic vertebra and extends up to 3rd lumbar vertebra gives off the celiac plexus which mainly supplies the stomach. The mesenteric plexus mainly supplies the small intestine and is located below the celiac plexus in the sympathetic chain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Concerning protein digestion: ...

    Correct

    • Concerning protein digestion:

      Your Answer: Most protein digestion occurs in the duodenum

      Explanation:

      Human pepsinogens can be divided into two immunochemically distinct groups: Pepsinogen I (PG I) and Pepsinogen II (PGII). PG I is secreted mainly by chief cells in the fundic mucosa whereas PGII is secreted by the pyloric glands and the proximal duodenal mucosa. Maximal acid secretion correlates with PG I. Most protein digestion occurs in the duodenum/jejunum. Pepsin functions best in an acidic environment and specifically at a pH of 1.5 to 3.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - A patient with a VIPoma (VIP secreting tumour) is likely to exhibit which...

    Correct

    • A patient with a VIPoma (VIP secreting tumour) is likely to exhibit which of the following?

      Your Answer: Severe diarrhoea

      Explanation:

      Vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP) is found in the nerves innervating the GIT. It markedly stimulates the secretion of intestinal electrolytes and also with them water. This results in secretary diarrhoea. Along with that it also relaxes intestinal smooth muscle including the sphincters, it also results in dilation of the peripheral blood vessels and along with this its also inhibits gastric acid secretions. A VIPoma will exaggerate all this.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.2
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except: ...

    Correct

    • All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except:

      Your Answer: Alpha-amylase

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli which extend from the cell known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes. All these enzymes except alfa amylase are brush border enzymes. Alfa amylase is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Where does protein digestion begin? ...

    Correct

    • Where does protein digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the...

    Correct

    • The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins is called?

      Your Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of the gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - What is the function of basic electrical rhythm ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of basic electrical rhythm

      Your Answer: To coordinate peristalsis and other motor activity

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm (BER) or electrical control activity (ECA) determines the frequency of the contractions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thus acting to coordinate peristalsis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.1
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The following are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT? ...

    Correct

    • The following are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Explanation:

      The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation. It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as red blood cell production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. The liver also produces albumin, the most abundant protein in blood serum and angiotensinogen. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach?

      Your Answer: Coeliac plexus

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions:

      Your Answer: Trefoil peptides and mucus- bicarbonate layer.

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, a protein digesting enzyme. Bombesin is a peptide which stimulates gastrin secreting cells in the stomach increasing production of gastric acid. Ecl or enterochromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. Oxyntic cells are also known as parietal cells and are the main cells secreting gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl). Gastric acid and pepsin are harmful agents for the gastric mucosa and can result in autodigestion. It is therefore protected by several agents including bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of gastric acid while Trefoil peptides are a component of gastric mucosa that form a gel like layer in the gastric epithelium protecting it from harmful agents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.3
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Brunner glands? ...

    Correct

    • Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Brunner glands?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      Brunner’s glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to:- protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme (which is introduced into the duodenum from the stomach);- provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to be active, thus enabling absorption to take place; lubricate the intestinal walls.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.1
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect ...

    Correct

    • In Hirschsprung disease which one is incorrect

      Your Answer: Due to congenital absence of myenteric and submucosal plexuses

      Explanation:

      During normal prenatal development, cells from the neural crest migrate into the large intestine (colon) to form the networks of nerves called the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus) (between the smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus) (within the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract wall). In Hirschsprung’s disease, the migration is not complete and part of the colon lacks these nerve bodies that regulate the activity of the colon. The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and pass stool through the colon, creating an obstruction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to ...

    Correct

    • Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to

      Your Answer: Produce pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

      Explanation:

      Cholecystokinin (CCK) mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing gastric acid secretion. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes, hence the old name pancreozymin. Together these enzymes catalyse the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.6
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Normally the portal venous pressure is about: ...

    Correct

    • Normally the portal venous pressure is about:

      Your Answer: 5mmhg

      Explanation:

      Under normal physiological conditions, the pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, typically ranges around 5-10 mmHg. Pressures significantly higher than this range can indicate portal hypertension, which can be associated with liver diseases such as cirrhosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.3
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Chief cells secrete: ...

    Correct

    • Chief cells secrete:

      Your Answer: Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Majority of gastrinomas are found in the: ...

    Correct

    • Majority of gastrinomas are found in the:

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      A gastrinoma is a tumour in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. It is usually found in the duodenum, although it may arise in the stomach or pancreas. Those occurring in the pancreas have a greater potential for malignancy. Most gastrinomas are found in the gastrinoma triangle; this is bound by the junction of cystic and common bile ducts, junction of the second and third parts of the duodenum, and the junction of the neck and body of the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.6
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT? ...

    Correct

    • Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      The liver primarily synthesizes about 20-25% of the total daily cholesterol. Cholesterol is also synthesized to smaller extents in the adrenal glands, reproductive organs (as cholesterol is the precursor of sex hormones), skin and is also produced in the intestines.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.4
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Pepsinogens

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.9
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion?

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.8
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides? ...

    Correct

    • The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides?

      Your Answer: 1:4α linkages

      Explanation:

      Alfa amylase hydrolyses the α (1-4) glyosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin and leave primarily maltose.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.4
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated?

      Your Answer: Smooth muscle relaxation ahead of the stimulus

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide causes relaxation of smooth muscles ahead of the stimulus. Clinically it is used as a potent vasodilator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common...

    Correct

    • The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common bile duct is known as the:

      Your Answer: Duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The small ducts from the pancreas coalesce into a single duct known as the pancreatic duct or the duct of Wirsung. It usually joins the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater before entering the duodenum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced...

    Correct

    • H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced with the help of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Carbonic anhydrase ii

      Explanation:

      Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyses the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (or vice versa). This is a reversible reaction that takes place in the gastric parietal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      28.3
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on...

    Correct

    • Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium?

      Your Answer: Hydrolases

      Explanation:

      There are certain enzymes which are part of the brush border cells including hydrolases also known as the brush border hydrolases. They perform the final step in digestion of certain nutrients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - Absorption of fructose is via: ...

    Correct

    • Absorption of fructose is via:

      Your Answer: Facilitated diffusion

      Explanation:

      Dietary fructose may be ingested as a monosaccharide or as a disaccharide. Sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase to produce equal amounts of glucose and fructose and in this form, is usually completely absorbed. Fructose is mostly absorbed in the small intestine through GLUT-5 transporter mediated facilitative diffusion. This is an energy independent process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.6
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Regarding carbohydrates absorption; ...

    Correct

    • Regarding carbohydrates absorption;

      Your Answer: Intestinal absorption of sugars is inhibited by the drug phlorizin

      Explanation:

      The main role of insulin is in the uptake of glucose from blood to tissues where it is metabolised. Glycose transporters in the intestines do not depend on the action of insulin. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with glucose for the binding site, reducing intestinal and renal glucose transport.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.5
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

      Your Answer: Steroid

      Explanation:

      Human steroidogenesis occurs in a number of locations:- Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.- Oestrogen and progesterone are made primarily in the ovary and the placenta during pregnancy, and testosterone in the testes.- Testosterone is also converted to oestrogen to regulate the supply of each in females and males.- Some neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) express the enzymes required for the local synthesis of pregnant neurosteroids, de novo or from peripheral sources.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Correct

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon...

    Correct

    • How are the long chain fatty acids (more than 10 to 12 carbon atoms) absorbed?

      Your Answer: Re-esterified to triglycerides and enter the lymphatics as chylomicrons

      Explanation:

      Short and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed into the blood via intestinal capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. They are re-esterified to triglycerides and are coated with cholesterol and protein, forming chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are released in the lymphatic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 51 - Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that...

    Correct

    • Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes?

      Your Answer: CCK

      Explanation:

      CCK (Cholecystokinin): CCK is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine. It stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, which aids in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.

      Secretin: Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It primarily stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize the acid, but it does not primarily stimulate enzyme secretion.

      Gastrin: Gastrin is produced by G-cells in the stomach. It stimulates gastric acid secretion by the stomach, not pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas. It does not act to stimulate the pancreas; rather, it is a component of the pancreatic juice that helps digest proteins.

      Elastase: Elastase is also an enzyme produced by the pancreas. Like chymotrypsin, it is involved in the digestion of proteins and does not stimulate the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 52 - Which inhibitor of gastric enzyme secretion is released by the presence of fat...

    Correct

    • Which inhibitor of gastric enzyme secretion is released by the presence of fat in the jejunum?

      Your Answer: Peptide yy

      Explanation:

      Peptide yy is secreted from the jejunum due to the presence of fat. It inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 53 - Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Pepsin

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin which is secreted by gastric chief cells and is converted to pepsin, in the presence of gastric HCL. Pepsin is a peptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      1.8
      Seconds

  • Question 54 - The hepatic portal vein: ...

    Correct

    • The hepatic portal vein:

      Your Answer: Carries mainly nutrients from the GIT.

      Explanation:

      The portal vein contains oxygen as any other vein in the body does. The hepatic veins are responsible for venous drainage of the liver. The main function of the portal vein is to carry absorbed nutrients in the gut for metabolism and detoxification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 55 - In paralytic ileus the following are true except: ...

    Correct

    • In paralytic ileus the following are true except:

      Your Answer: Opioid blocking drugs will exacerbate the symptoms

      Explanation:

      Paralytic ileus causes adynamic intestinal obstruction or decreased peristalsis and the most common reason being postoperative ileus. Opioid drugs like morphine are given for pain management and cause decreased peristalsis in the gut resulting in constipation. Theoretically opioid blocking drugs or opioid antagonists can increase peristalsis and can alleviate paralytic ileus symptoms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 56 - Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by ...

    Correct

    • Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by

      Your Answer: Bile salts

      Explanation:

      Digestion of fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.4
      Seconds

  • Question 57 - The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:

      Your Answer: CN IX

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic presynaptic nerve fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) synapse in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers pass to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.3
      Seconds

  • Question 58 - A patient with achalasia ...

    Correct

    • A patient with achalasia

      Your Answer: Has decreased production of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus and the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis of the oesophagus (inability of smooth muscle to move food down the oesophagus) in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fibrosis. In achalasia, there is loss of nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) releasing inhibitory neurons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 59 - HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach ...

    Correct

    • HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach

      Your Answer: Parietal cells

      Explanation:

      Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 60 - G cells release which of the following substances ...

    Correct

    • G cells release which of the following substances

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      3.6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (60/60) 100%
Medicine (60/60) 100%
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