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Question 1
Incorrect
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The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed for ATP production. These proteins are also essential for:
Your Answer: Cell replication
Correct Answer: Apoptotic cell death
Explanation:The intrinsic pathway or the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is activated due to the loss of BCL-2 and other antiapoptotic proteins. This loss results in the increased membrane permeability and release of cytochrome C which activates caspases downstream resulting in apoptosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Physiology
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Question 2
Correct
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Myocardial contractility is improved by:
Your Answer: Caffeine
Explanation:Caffeine and other theophyllines breakdown cAMP and have a positive ionotropic effect on the heart. Drugs like quinidine, procainamide and conditions like hypoxia and hypercapnia decreases the contractility of the heart.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit:
Your Answer: All of them fit
Correct Answer: All gene mutations cause clinical disease entities
Explanation:All gene mutations do not cause a clinical manifestation of the disease, some gene mutations are silent mutations. They are present but do not cause any disease.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Physiology
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Question 4
Incorrect
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Vagotomy leads to the following:
Your Answer: Dysfunction of antegrade neurons
Correct Answer: Irregular and chaotic peristalsis
Explanation:The Vagus nerve is primarily responsible for autonomic regulation involved in heart, lung and gastrointestinal function. The gastric branches supply the stomach. The right branch joins the celiac plexus and supplies the intestines. Vagotomy involves cutting of the vagus nerve or its branches which is a now-obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease. Vagotomy causes a decrease in peristalsis and a change in the emptying patterns of the stomach.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
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Question 5
Correct
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Which of the following is NOT a component of bile?
Your Answer: Unconjugated bilirubin
Explanation:The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts (electrolytes).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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The net effect of active Vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?
Your Answer: Increase in Ca, no net effect on phosphate
Correct Answer: Increase in Ca, increase in phosphate
Explanation:Bone and its metabolism are regulated by several hormones, amongst which is vitamin D. It is heavily involved in the metabolism and homeostasis of calcium and phosphate through several processes. Vitamin D works in the intestine, kidney, bone and parathyroid glands to maintain levels of calcium and phosphate, promoting its absorption, bone resorption, and proper functioning of the parathyroid to maintain adequate serum calcium levels.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?
Your Answer: Distention of the stomach wall and oligopeptides
Correct Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach
Explanation:Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
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Question 8
Incorrect
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Which of the following foods contain Vitamin B 12?
Your Answer: Unrefined cereal and grains
Correct Answer: Liver, meat
Explanation:No fungi, plants, nor animals (including humans) are capable of producing vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes needed for its synthesis. Proved food sources of B12 are animal products (meat, fish, dairy products).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Physiology
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Question 9
Correct
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Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase in serum cortisol levels?
Your Answer: Severe emotional stress
Explanation:Cortisol is widely known as the stress hormone. Alterations in cortisol levels have been found in relation to mood disorders, illness, trauma, pain, fear, exertion, and anxiety, amongst other stimuli.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Physiology
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Question 10
Correct
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There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. This is maintained by:
Your Answer: All of the options are correct
Explanation:There is an inverse relationship between the blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein. It is maintained by several factors such as chemicals like adenosine, neurohumoral substances, the morphology of the hepatic portal system (especially the ability of hepatic sinusoids to collapse) and myogenic control which causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
