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  • Question 1 - With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?

      Your Answer: SGLT 3

      Correct Answer: SGLT 1

      Explanation:

      SGLT- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter or sodium-glucose linked transporter are family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What is the result of maltase deficiency in the brush border of the...

    Correct

    • What is the result of maltase deficiency in the brush border of the small intestine?

      Your Answer: Results in increased passage of maltose in stool

      Explanation:

      Maltase is an enzyme produced from the surface cells of the villi, lining the small intestine and aids in hydrolysing the disaccharide maltose, which splits into two molecules of α-glucose. It is done by breaking the glycosidic bond between the ‘first’ carbon of one glucose and the ‘fourth’ carbon of the other (a 1–4 bond). Hence, a deficiency of enzyme maltase will result in the increased passage of maltose in the stool.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      30.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - G cells release which of the following substances ...

    Correct

    • G cells release which of the following substances

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the? ...

    Incorrect

    • The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the?

      Your Answer: Sodium potassium ATPase

      Correct Answer: Hydrogen potassium ATPase

      Explanation:

      The rate limiting pump in HCl secretion is the H+/K+ ATPase pump.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      16.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Two types of gallstones are: ...

    Correct

    • Two types of gallstones are:

      Your Answer: Calcium and cholesterol

      Explanation:

      Cholesterol stones are the most common gallstones followed by calcium carbonate and bilirubinate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      22.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous...

    Incorrect

    • There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. This is maintained by:

      Your Answer: Vasodilator fibers that supply the liver

      Correct Answer: All of the options are correct

      Explanation:

      There is an inverse relationship between the blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein. It is maintained by several factors such as chemicals like adenosine, neurohumoral substances, the morphology of the hepatic portal system (especially the ability of hepatic sinusoids to collapse) and myogenic control which causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      47.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is ...

    Incorrect

    • The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is

      Your Answer: A molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose

      Correct Answer: Two glucose molecules

      Explanation:

      Disaccharides are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides.Examples of disaccharides:Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      26
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?

      Your Answer: Amylase

      Correct Answer: Pepsinogen 1

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase. It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin.Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a proteinSeveral elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.Sterol esterasePhospholipaseSeveral nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNase and RNase.Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      35
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Gastrin activates all of the following cells except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Gastrin activates all of the following cells except:

      Your Answer: Chief cells

      Correct Answer: Mucus neck cells

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater?

      Your Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Vater

      Correct Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      38.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract.

      Your Answer: Inhibitory efferent vagal innervation causes sphincters to contract.

      Correct Answer: Parasympathetic cholinergic activity increases the activity of intestinal smooth muscle

      Explanation:

      The parasympathetic nerves stimulate peristalsis and relax the sphincters; they also stimulate secretion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      56.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The central veins in the liver: ...

    Incorrect

    • The central veins in the liver:

      Your Answer: Drain directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC)

      Correct Answer: Coalesce to form the hepatic vein

      Explanation:

      The central veins coalesce to form the hepatic vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. The portal vein mainly carries blood from different parts of the GIT and is not drained to the inferior vena cava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT?

      Your Answer: Between the outer longitudinal muscle layer and the adventitia

      Correct Answer: Between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.

      Explanation:

      A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      270.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the...

    Correct

    • The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins is called?

      Your Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of the gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      39.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The sympathetic supply to the stomach comes from the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The sympathetic supply to the stomach comes from the:

      Your Answer: Vagus

      Correct Answer: Celiac plexus

      Explanation:

      The vagus nerve supplies the stomach and up to proximal two-thirds of the large intestine and has parasympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic chain which begins at the level of he 1st thoracic vertebra and extends up to 3rd lumbar vertebra gives off the celiac plexus which mainly supplies the stomach. The mesenteric plexus mainly supplies the small intestine and is located below the celiac plexus in the sympathetic chain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:...

    Incorrect

    • The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:

      Your Answer: Left gastric artery

      Correct Answer: Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

      Explanation:

      The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the left and the right gastro-epiploic arteries branching from the splenic artery near the hilum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following can trigger parietal cell secretion?

      Your Answer: Secretin

      Correct Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Almost all of the protein that appears in the stool is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Almost all of the protein that appears in the stool is:

      Your Answer: From partially digested proteins

      Correct Answer: Comes from bacteria and cellular debris

      Explanation:

      75% of faecal weight is water. By dry weight 30% of faeces is bacteria,10-20% is fat and 2-3% proteins. Almost all proteins ingested are absorbed in the gut.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      34.1
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes?

      Your Answer: Chymotrypsin

      Correct Answer: CCK

      Explanation:

      CCK has a primary action of increasing the motility of the gallbladder by contracting the muscles in the mucosa of the gall bladder. Apart from this, it augments the action of secretin resulting in the production of an alkaline pancreatic juice. It increases the synthesis of enterokinase, inhibits gastric emptying and may also enhance the motility of the small intestine and colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      37.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their inactive precursors?

      Your Answer: Elastase

      Correct Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      51.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity? ...

    Correct

    • Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity?

      Your Answer: M cells

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They transport antigens from the intestinal lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response. T and B cells are lymphocytes found in blood. Mucous cells secrete mucous and can be considered as a part of innate immunity. Chief cells in the gastric mucosa secret pepsin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      19.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Intrinsic Factor is released by, ...

    Correct

    • Intrinsic Factor is released by,

      Your Answer: Parietal cell

      Explanation:

      Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above...

    Correct

    • The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above mentioned enzymes is located where?

      Your Answer: Brush border of small intestine

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      39.5
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following is true with regard to the acini? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true with regard to the acini?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: The central zone (Zone III) is the least oxygenated

      Explanation:

      The acini are divided into zone I (periportal), zone II (transition zone), and zone III (pericentral). Cells located close to the portal triad or peripheral zone which consist of an arteriole from the hepatic artery are the most oxygenated cells. Cells in the central zone (III) are least oxygenated and mainly receive blood supply from the central vein which is a branch of hepatic vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Where does protein digestion begin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does protein digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Correct Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which three parietal cell agonists bind at the basolateral membrane at specific receptors...

    Correct

    • Which three parietal cell agonists bind at the basolateral membrane at specific receptors respectively: M3 , H2 , CCK-B, to stimulate acid secretion?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine, histamine , gastrin

      Explanation:

      The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      32.1
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Somatostatin is responsible for? ...

    Correct

    • Somatostatin is responsible for?

      Your Answer: Decreased gastrin release

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin is an inhibitory hormone secreted from the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets. It causes the inhibition of gastrin (decreasing stomach acid production), CCK (decreasing gallbladder motility), gastrin inhibitory peptide and secretin. Gastrin production is also inhibited by secretin, GIP, VIP, glucagon and calcitonin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      14.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver?

      Your Answer: Factor v

      Correct Answer: Factor viii

      Explanation:

      Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside of the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by ...

    Correct

    • Emulsification of dietary lipids is brought about by

      Your Answer: Bile salts

      Explanation:

      Digestion of fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Carbohydrates digestion starts in the ...

    Correct

    • Carbohydrates digestion starts in the

      Your Answer: Mouth

      Explanation:

      Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the oesophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen...

    Incorrect

    • Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen is by

      Your Answer: Carboxypeptidase a

      Correct Answer: Trypsin

      Explanation:

      The enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyse the reaction pro-colipase → colipase. Colipase is necessary, along with bile salts, to enable lipase function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its...

    Incorrect

    • Which enzyme facilitates the function of pancreatic lipase by increasing exposure of its active site?

      Your Answer: Trypsin

      Correct Answer: Colipase

      Explanation:

      Colipase is a co enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase by facilitating the exposure of its active sites.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      25.7
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Cholinergic neurons that pass into a retrograde direction activate neurons that release: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cholinergic neurons that pass into a retrograde direction activate neurons that release:

      Your Answer: Acetyl choline

      Correct Answer: Substance P and acetyl choline

      Explanation:

      Serotonin activates sensory neurons that activate the myenteric plexus. Cholinergic neurons passing in a retrograde direction in the myenteric plexus activate neurons that release substance P and acetylcholine, causing smooth muscle contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      36.5
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - After eating a meal containing a moderate amount of fat, which percentage of...

    Incorrect

    • After eating a meal containing a moderate amount of fat, which percentage of fat is likely to be absorbed from the GIT in an adult?

      Your Answer: 25%

      Correct Answer: 95%

      Explanation:

      About 95% of dietary fat is absorbed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      10.2
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium?

      Your Answer: Crypts

      Correct Answer: Hydrolases

      Explanation:

      There are certain enzymes which are part of the brush border cells including hydrolases also known as the brush border hydrolases. They perform the final step in digestion of certain nutrients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      1649.7
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Glucose absorption in the small intestine is coupled with which of the following...

    Correct

    • Glucose absorption in the small intestine is coupled with which of the following electrolytes?

      Your Answer: Na

      Explanation:

      Sodium-glucose linked transporter are family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and absorbs glucose via cotransport of Na+ ions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      20.2
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - Which of the following is responsible for transporting both glucose and fructose into...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is responsible for transporting both glucose and fructose into the interstitium?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Correct Answer: GLUT 2

      Explanation:

      Absorption of glucose involves transport from the intestinal lumen, across the epithelium and into blood. The transporter that carries glucose and galactose into the enterocyte is the sodium-dependent hexose transporter, known as SGLT1. As the name indicates, this molecule transports both glucose and sodium ions into the cell. Once absorbed into the enterocyte, glucose must be exported from the cell into blood. Sodium is rapidly shuttled out in exchange for potassium by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane, and that process maintains the electrochemical gradient across the epithelium. Glucose, galactose and fructose are transported out of the enterocyte into the interstitium and in turn into the blood through another hexose transporter (called GLUT-2) in the basolateral membrane. These monosaccharides then diffuse down a concentration gradient into capillary blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      17.9
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach ...

    Incorrect

    • HCL is secreted by which cells in the stomach

      Your Answer: G cells

      Correct Answer: Parietal cells

      Explanation:

      Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Di and tri peptides are absorbed via a different mechanism as amino acids,...

    Incorrect

    • Di and tri peptides are absorbed via a different mechanism as amino acids, this is due to the working of which transporter?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Correct Answer: PEPT 1

      Explanation:

      GLUT and SGLT are glucose transporters. Peptides which are longer that four amino acids are not absorbed. There is abundant absorption of di and tri peptidases in the small intestine. They are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the small intestine via a transporter called PepT1 by co-transport with H+ ions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      26.8
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin: ...

    Correct

    • Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin:

      Your Answer: It causes gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Explanation:

      CCK has a primary action of increasing the motility of the gallbladder by contracting the muscles in the mucosa of the gall bladder. Apart from this, it augments the action of secretin, resulting in the production of an alkaline pancreatic juice. It increases the synthesis of enterokinase, inhibits gastric emptying and may also enhance the motility of the small intestine and colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      109
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Majority of gastrinomas are found in the: ...

    Correct

    • Majority of gastrinomas are found in the:

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      A gastrinoma is a tumour in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. It is usually found in the duodenum, although it may arise in the stomach or pancreas. Those occurring in the pancreas have a greater potential for malignancy. Most gastrinomas are found in the gastrinoma triangle; this is bound by the junction of cystic and common bile ducts, junction of the second and third parts of the duodenum, and the junction of the neck and body of the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach?

      Your Answer: Coeliac plexus

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      332.7
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm ...

    Correct

    • Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm

      Your Answer: Oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm acts to coordinate peristalsis and are initiated in the interstitial cells of Cajal, specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach. Thus below the oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      146.5
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from ...

    Correct

    • Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from

      Your Answer: T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion through the greater splanchnic nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      24.2
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - The hepatic portal vein: ...

    Incorrect

    • The hepatic portal vein:

      Your Answer: Responsible for venous drainage of the liver

      Correct Answer: Carries mainly nutrients from the GIT.

      Explanation:

      The portal vein contains oxygen as any other vein in the body does. The hepatic veins are responsible for venous drainage of the liver. The main function of the portal vein is to carry absorbed nutrients in the gut for metabolism and detoxification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase are found in which part...

    Incorrect

    • The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase are found in which part of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Throughout the stomach

      Correct Answer: Body and antrum

      Explanation:

      Stomach can be divided in to different regions. Cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus from proximal end to distal end respectively. Cells that secret the inactive form of pepsin or pepsinogen are chief cells and are abundant in the body and the antral region of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      27.5
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - The parietal cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The parietal cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Hydrochloric acid

      Explanation:

      Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated?

      Your Answer: Smooth muscle contraction ahead of the stimulus

      Correct Answer: Smooth muscle relaxation ahead of the stimulus

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide causes relaxation of smooth muscles ahead of the stimulus. Clinically used as a potent vasodilator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      23.2
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located:

      Your Answer: At the base of the microvilli

      Correct Answer: At the base of the crypts

      Explanation:

      Epithelial cells are renewed every 4-5 days through a process of renewal and migration. Renewal relies on proliferative cells or stem cells that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands. Crypts are epithelial invasions into the underlying connective tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Dietary starch is mainly: ...

    Incorrect

    • Dietary starch is mainly:

      Your Answer: Fructose

      Correct Answer: Amylopectin

      Explanation:

      Dietary starch consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight but depends in the plant. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      21.2
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (18/50) 36%
Physiology (18/50) 36%
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