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  • Question 1 - What is the average life span of red blood cells? ...

    Correct

    • What is the average life span of red blood cells?

      Your Answer: 4 months

      Explanation:

      Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days (4 months) in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Gastrin activates all of the following cells except: ...

    Correct

    • Gastrin activates all of the following cells except:

      Your Answer: Mucus neck cells

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell...

    Correct

    • Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell bodies in which nuclei?

      Your Answer: Arcuate

      Explanation:

      Arcuate nucleus dopaminergic neurons consist of a single group of neurons that project to the median eminence where they release dopamine into the hypophyseal portal circulation to inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which statement about X linked dominant disorders is FALSE? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement about X linked dominant disorders is FALSE?

      Your Answer: Heterozygous females tend to have the disease more severely than affected males.

      Explanation:

      Women who have the affected X chromosome will be affected, but the severity will be less than that in males as they have a normal X chromosome to counter the effect of the mutated X chromosome. Affected males will pass on the defect to their daughters 100% of the time but not to their sons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The process by which depolarization of the muscle fiber initiates contraction is called?...

    Correct

    • The process by which depolarization of the muscle fiber initiates contraction is called?

      Your Answer: Action potential

      Explanation:

      This process is known as an action potential. Upon generation of an action potential when depolarization reaches threshold, it spreads throughout the muscle fiber, resulting in generation of an excitation-contraction coupling leading to contraction of the muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which one of the following antibiotics is safest to use in pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following antibiotics is safest to use in pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Metronidazole

      Correct Answer: Erythromycin

      Explanation:

      Antibiotics that should be avoided in pregnancy are included in the mnemonic: Countless SAFe Moms Take Really Good Care -Clarithromycin, Sulphonamides, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines, Ribavirin, Griseofulvin, Chloramphenicol

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Pharmacology
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their...

    Correct

    • Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their products?

      Your Answer: D cells and somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone is secreted form the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Arachidonic acid is converted to: ...

    Correct

    • Arachidonic acid is converted to:

      Your Answer: Prostaglandin H2

      Explanation:

      The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as...

    Correct

    • The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as

      Your Answer: Crypts of Lieberkühn

      Explanation:

      An intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon) between the villi.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Adrenergic stimulation will lead to myocyte relaxation via the following mechanisms ...

    Incorrect

    • Adrenergic stimulation will lead to myocyte relaxation via the following mechanisms

      Your Answer: Down regulation of phospholambin

      Correct Answer: Increased phosphorylation of phosholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban, which increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the SR, that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the: ...

    Correct

    • The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the:

      Your Answer: Edinger-Westphal nucleus

      Explanation:

      The consensual light reflex occurs when an individual’s right eye is shielded and light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will occur, as well as the left. This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except:

      Your Answer: Prothrombotic

      Correct Answer: Tumour suppression

      Explanation:

      Vascular endothelium has many important functions including regulation of vascular tone, molecular exchange between blood and tissue compartments, hemostasis and signaling for the immune regulation and inflammation. Depending on specific tissue needs and local stresses, endothelial cells are capable of evoking either antithrombotic or prothrombotic events. Tumor suppression is related to genes, or anti-oncogenes, that regulate a cell during cell division and replication.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Incorrect

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer: Both the oblique and the circular muscle layers

      Correct Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Vitamin K deficiency can be found in which of the following condition? ...

    Incorrect

    • Vitamin K deficiency can be found in which of the following condition?

      Your Answer: Pernicious anaemia

      Correct Answer: Cholestatic jaundice

      Explanation:

      Vitamin K1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K1 deficiency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following is true for P53: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is true for P53:

      Your Answer: It is induced by ‘broken’ DNA

      Explanation:

      P53 gene is activated as a result of damaged DNA and if that cannot be repaired then it activates apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

      Your Answer: Acute-phase proteins

      Correct Answer: Steroid

      Explanation:

      Human steroidogenesis occurs in a number of locations:- Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.- Oestrogen and progesterone are made primarily in the ovary and the placenta during pregnancy, and testosterone in the testes.- Testosterone is also converted to oestrogen to regulate the supply of each in females and males.- Some neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) express the enzymes required for the local synthesis of pregnant neurosteroids, de novo or from peripheral sources.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous...

    Incorrect

    • There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. This is maintained by:

      Your Answer: Ability of sinusoids to collapse

      Correct Answer: All of the options are correct

      Explanation:

      There is an inverse relationship between the blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein. It is maintained by several factors such as chemicals like adenosine, neurohumoral substances, the morphology of the hepatic portal system (especially the ability of hepatic sinusoids to collapse) and myogenic control which causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The celiac trunk consists of which arteries? ...

    Incorrect

    • The celiac trunk consists of which arteries?

      Your Answer: Right gastric, common hepatic, superior mesenteric

      Correct Answer: Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

      Explanation:

      The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length. Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). There are three main divisions of the celiac artery:- left gastric artery- common hepatic artery- splenic artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders:

      Your Answer: The parents of the affected offspring are generally unaffected healthy carriers

      Correct Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All are true for autosomal recessive disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      27.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - A cohort study is developed to assess the correlation between blood pressure and...

    Correct

    • A cohort study is developed to assess the correlation between blood pressure and working long hours. After 10 years of follow-up and for the 1050 individuals working less than 40 hours per week, 1000 patients had normal blood pressure and 50 patients were diagnosed with hypertension. For the 660 patients working more than 40 hours per week, 600 patients had normal blood pressure and 60 patients were diagnosed with hypertension. If you work more than 40 hours per week, what is the odds ratio of developing hypertension compared to the individuals working less than 40 hours per week?

      Your Answer: 2

      Explanation:

      An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of the association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. Odds ratios are most commonly used in case-control studies, however they can also be used in cross-sectional and cohort study designs as well (with some modifications and/or assumptions). Wherea = Number of exposed casesb = Number of exposed non-casesc = Number of unexposed casesd = Number of unexposed non-casesOR=(a/c) / (b/d) = ad/bc

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Research Skills
      9.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Haematology (1/2) 50%
Medicine (11/20) 55%
Gastrointestinal (3/6) 50%
Endocrinology (1/1) 100%
Genetics (2/3) 67%
Cardiovascular (1/4) 25%
Pharmacology (0/1) 0%
Immunology (1/1) 100%
Neurology (1/1) 100%
Research Skills (1/1) 100%
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