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Question 1
Incorrect
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Which of the following is not secreted by cells in the antrum of the stomach?
Your Answer: Mucus
Correct Answer: Hydrochloric acid
Explanation:Cells in the body of the stomach secrete mucus, HCl and pepsinogen. Cells in the antrum secrete pepsinogen, gastrin and mucus.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 2
Incorrect
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One function of the liver is synthesis and storage of protein. Which of the following will result in hypoalbuminemia?
Your Answer: Nephropathy
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:Both trauma and sepsis cause an acute inflammatory response causing plasma leakage of albumin. Nephropathy causes leakage of albumin from glomeruli and excretion of albumin in urine known as albuminuria. A hypercatabolic state is characterized by increased circulating catabolic hormones and increase break down of proteins.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Cholinergic neurons that pass into a retrograde direction activate neurons that release:
Your Answer: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
Correct Answer: Substance P and acetyl choline
Explanation:Serotonin activates sensory neurons that activate the myenteric plexus. Cholinergic neurons passing in a retrograde direction in the myenteric plexus activate neurons that release substance P and acetylcholine, causing smooth muscle contraction.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 4
Correct
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The pressure in the sinusoids is normally:
Your Answer: Lower than portal venous pressure
Explanation:The direction of transport of nutrients in the portal vein occurs from the portal vein to the hepatic sinusoids. Thus, he pressure of sinusoids should be lower than the pressure of he portal vein.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 5
Correct
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Which of the following initiates migrating motor complex
Your Answer: Motilin
Explanation:Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are thought to be partially regulated by motilin, which is initiated in the stomach as a response to vagal stimulation, and does not directly depend on extrinsic nerves.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 6
Correct
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Where in the gastrointestinal tract are valvulae conniventes?
Your Answer: Jejunum
Explanation:The circular folds (valves of Kerckring or valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?
Your Answer: GLUT1 55k
Correct Answer: SGLT1
Explanation:SGLT 1 is responsible for the uptake of glucose via secondary active transport from the small intestine and the renal tubules.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 8
Incorrect
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The channel that coalesces the small pancreatic duct radicles before joining the common bile duct is known as the:
Your Answer: Ampulla of Vater
Correct Answer: Duct of Wirsung
Explanation:The small ducts from the pancreas coalesce into a single duct known as the pancreatic duct or the duct of Wirsung. It usually joins the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater before entering the duodenum.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 9
Incorrect
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The intestine is lined by:
Your Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium
Correct Answer: Simple columnar epithelium
Explanation:In the small intestine, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. The epithelium is arranged into villi, creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption. The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli.In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucous, are also present.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 10
Incorrect
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Concerning protein digestion:
Your Answer: Pepsin functions optimally in an acidic ph of 3.2 to 5.6
Correct Answer: Most protein digestion occurs in the duodenum
Explanation:Human pepsinogens can be divided into two immunochemically distinct groups: Pepsinogen I (PG I) and Pepsinogen II (PGII). PG I is secreted mainly by chief cells in the fundic mucosa whereas PGII is secreted by the pyloric glands and the proximal duodenal mucosa. Maximal acid secretion correlates with PG I. Most protein digestion occurs in the duodenum/jejunum. Pepsin functions best in an acidic environment and specifically at a pH of 1.5 to 3.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 11
Incorrect
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Normally the portal venous pressure is about:
Your Answer: 15mmhg
Correct Answer: 5mmhg
Explanation:Under normal physiological conditions, the pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, typically ranges around 5-10 mmHg. Pressures significantly higher than this range can indicate portal hypertension, which can be associated with liver diseases such as cirrhosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 12
Incorrect
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Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons?
Your Answer: Acetyl choline
Correct Answer: Nitric oxide
Explanation:Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Classically in the peripheral nervous system, it diffuses from a presynaptic nerve ending to the post synaptic effecter cell which is mainly smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 13
Correct
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Majority of gastrinomas are found in the:
Your Answer: Duodenum
Explanation:A gastrinoma is a tumour in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. It is usually found in the duodenum, although it may arise in the stomach or pancreas. Those occurring in the pancreas have a greater potential for malignancy. Most gastrinomas are found in the gastrinoma triangle; this is bound by the junction of cystic and common bile ducts, junction of the second and third parts of the duodenum, and the junction of the neck and body of the pancreas.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 14
Incorrect
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Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbachâs plexus) located in the GIT?
Your Answer: Between the middle circular layer and the mucosa
Correct Answer: Between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.
Explanation:A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 15
Correct
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Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT?
Your Answer: Stomach
Explanation:The liver primarily synthesizes about 20-25% of the total daily cholesterol. Cholesterol is also synthesized to smaller extents in the adrenal glands, reproductive organs (as cholesterol is the precursor of sex hormones), skin and is also produced in the intestines.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 16
Correct
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Which of the following is a product of D cells
Your Answer: Somatostatin
Explanation:Somatostatin is secreted by D cells, HCL and intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells. Trefoil peptides are secreted by mucus secreting goblet cells and gastrin releasing peptide (grp) by post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve (which innervate the G cells of the stomach).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 17
Incorrect
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Which of the following is responsible for transporting both glucose and fructose into the interstitium?
Your Answer: GLUT 5
Correct Answer: GLUT 2
Explanation:Absorption of glucose involves transport from the intestinal lumen, across the epithelium and into blood. The transporter that carries glucose and galactose into the enterocyte is the sodium-dependent hexose transporter, known as SGLT1. As the name indicates, this molecule transports both glucose and sodium ions into the cell. Once absorbed into the enterocyte, glucose must be exported from the cell into blood. Sodium is rapidly shuttled out in exchange for potassium by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane, and that process maintains the electrochemical gradient across the epithelium. Glucose, galactose and fructose are transported out of the enterocyte into the interstitium and in turn into the blood through another hexose transporter (called GLUT-2) in the basolateral membrane. These monosaccharides then diffuse down a concentration gradient into capillary blood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 18
Incorrect
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The hepatic portal vein:
Your Answer: Responsible for venous drainage of the liver
Correct Answer: Carries mainly nutrients from the GIT.
Explanation:The portal vein contains oxygen as any other vein in the body does. The hepatic veins are responsible for venous drainage of the liver. The main function of the portal vein is to carry absorbed nutrients in the gut for metabolism and detoxification.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 19
Incorrect
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VIP, GIP and somatostatin play an inhibitory role in gastric acid secretion by inactivating?
Your Answer: Parietal cells
Correct Answer: G cells
Explanation:Gastrin is secreted from the G cells. VIP, GIP and somatostatin all inhibit acid production by inhibiting the G cells.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 20
Correct
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The sympathetic supply to the stomach comes from the:
Your Answer: Celiac plexus
Explanation:The vagus nerve supplies the stomach and up to proximal two-thirds of the large intestine and has parasympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic chain which begins at the level of he 1st thoracic vertebra and extends up to 3rd lumbar vertebra gives off the celiac plexus which mainly supplies the stomach. The mesenteric plexus mainly supplies the small intestine and is located below the celiac plexus in the sympathetic chain.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 21
Correct
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Which of the following takes place during fasting
Your Answer: Migrating motor complex
Explanation:Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 22
Correct
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The parietal cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?
Your Answer: Hydrochloric acid
Explanation:Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 23
Incorrect
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The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:
Your Answer: Right and left gastric arteries
Correct Answer: Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries
Explanation:The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the left and the right gastro-epiploic arteries branching from the splenic artery near the hilum.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 24
Incorrect
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The transporter responsible for most glucose absorption in the lumen of the small intestine is called?
Your Answer: GLUT 5
Correct Answer: SGLT 1
Explanation:GLUT = Glucose transporter. GLUT are a family of proteins of different types. GLUT 1 is mainly expressed in erythrocytes, whereas GLUT 2 is mainly expressed by, liver cells and renal tubular cells. GLUT 5 is a sucrose transporter in enterocytes. SGLT- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter or sodium-glucose linked transporter are a family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and SGLT2 in the proximal tubule of the nephron.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 25
Correct
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Dietary starch is mainly:
Your Answer: Amylopectin
Explanation:Dietary starch consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight but depends in the plant. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 26
Correct
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The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase are found in which part of the stomach?
Your Answer: Body and fundus
Explanation:Stomach can be divided in to different regions. Cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus from proximal end to distal end respectively. Cells that secret the inactive form of pepsin or pepsinogen are chief cells and are abundant in the body (corpus) and the fundus region of the stomach.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 27
Incorrect
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A patient with achalasia
Your Answer: None are correct
Correct Answer: Has decreased production of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
Explanation:Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus and the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis of the oesophagus (inability of smooth muscle to move food down the oesophagus) in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fibrosis. In achalasia, there is loss of nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) releasing inhibitory neurons.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Which three parietal cell agonists bind at the basolateral membrane at specific receptors respectively: M3 , H2 , CCK-B, to stimulate acid secretion?
Your Answer: Histamine, acetylcholine, gastrin
Correct Answer: Acetylcholine, histamine , gastrin
Explanation:The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 29
Incorrect
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The lamina propria contains all of the following except:
Your Answer: Plasma cells
Correct Answer: Neutrophils
Explanation:The connective tissue of the lamina propria is very loose, allowing it to be very cell rich. The cell population of the lamina propria is variable and can include, for example, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophilic leukocytes, and mast cells. It provides support and nutrition to the epithelium, as well as the means to bind to the underlying tissue.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 30
Incorrect
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Gastrin activates all of the following cells except:
Your Answer: Stomach smooth muscle
Correct Answer: Mucus neck cells
Explanation:The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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