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Question 1
Incorrect
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Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
Your Answer: Frontal lobe : primary visual cortex
Correct Answer: Parietal lobe : primary somatosensory cortex
Explanation:Parietal lobe: The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing sensory information from the body.
Frontal lobe: The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe also contains the premotor cortex, which is involved in planning movements. The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe, not the frontal lobe.
Temporal lobe: The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe. The primary motor and premotor cortices are located in the frontal lobe, not the temporal lobe.
Occipital lobe: The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe. The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe, not the occipital lobe.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 2
Incorrect
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Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?
Your Answer: Astrocyte
Correct Answer: Microglia
Explanation:Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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The majority of corticospinal tract fibers decussate in the:
Your Answer: Pons
Correct Answer: Medulla
Explanation:The corticospinal tract is a descending motor path way that begins in the cerebral cortex and decussates in the pyramids of the medulla.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 4
Correct
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Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:
Your Answer: Influx of Ca++ & Na+
Explanation:Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception?
Your Answer: A γ fiber
Correct Answer: An α fiber
Explanation:Proprioception, also known as kinaesthesia, is the sense through which humans perceive their own position and movements. α nerve fibers are specifically involved in transmitting proprioception stimuli.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: mGluR4
Explanation:Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Vitreous humor
Explanation:The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 8
Incorrect
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Where is the aqueous humor normally reabsorbed?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Canal of schlemm
Explanation:Aqueous humor is a clear protein free fluid secreted by the ciliary body, it travels to the anterior chamber through the pupil and is absorbed through a network of trabeculae into the canal of schlemm
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 9
Incorrect
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The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Lateral spinal artery
Explanation:The spinal cord (SC) is supplied by the single anterior spinal artery which supplies the anterior two thirds of the SC and paired posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior one third. Anastomoses between the spinal arteries supply the lateral column. These arteries originate near the cervico-occipital junction and therefore have a smaller calibre and often discontinue. Thus, they require reinforcement by segmental/radicular arteries which are branches of the ascending cervical artery, deep cervical artery, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries and lateral sacral arteries
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 10
Incorrect
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Increase Gamma motor neuron activity produces what effect on the muscle spindle sensitivity?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Increase
Explanation:The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is Type Ia fibers whereas motor supply is via gamma motor neurons. These neurons also play a role in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles. Increased neuron activity increases the muscle spindle sensitivity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 11
Incorrect
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Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF
Explanation:In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 12
Incorrect
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Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Proprioceptive input from muscles of the tongue and larynx
Explanation:The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor fibers. It has several branches and five distinct general functions:Branchial motor- Special visceral efferent- supplies the Stylopharyngeus muscle and superior constrictor muscle.Visceral motor- general visceral efferent- provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.Visceral sensory- general visceral afferent- carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.General sensory- general somatic afferent- provides general sensory information from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx and posterior one third of the tongue.Visceral afferent- special visceral afferent- provides taste sensation from the posterior one third of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 13
Incorrect
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The brainstem reticular formation, consists of which important control system responsible for consciousness and sleep?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: RAS reticular activating system
Explanation:The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem. Reticular activating system (RAS) is a set of connected nuclei in the brain that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions and is the most influential component in the reticular formation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 14
Incorrect
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What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Gated Na channels open allowing the influx of Na
Explanation:Generation of an action potential in response to a stimulus is a result of a previously maintained resting membrane potential (RMP). Generation of resting membrane potential is mediated mainly by potassium ions. Several membrane proteins maintain RMP by transport of ions in and out of cell. Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ concentration in extracellular fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and K+ ion concentration is higher intracellularly. Generation of an action potential facilitates opening of Na+ ion channels which allow for Na+ to diffuse inside the cell according to the concentration gradient.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 15
Incorrect
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Which one of the following nerve fibers has the fastest conduction velocity?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: α fiber
Explanation:α nerve fibers are characterized by being highly myelinated, which confers them with fast conduction properties. They innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, and their conduction velocity is between 80-120 m/s.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 16
Incorrect
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Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain following which environmental conditions?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Pineal gland, darkness
Explanation:Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland located in the midline attached to the posterior roof of the third ventricle in the brain. Melatonin affects circadian rhythm in the body or the sleep wake cycle. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin and the rate limiting enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin is low during the day time and reaches its peak during the night.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 17
Incorrect
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Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per square millimetre of the cell membrane?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Nodes of Ranvier
Explanation:The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+/K+ ATPases, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and a high density of Na+ channels. The estimated concentration of sodium channels in the node is of ∼1500/μm2.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 18
Incorrect
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Which of the following associations is false?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum
Explanation:– The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate- The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum- The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen- The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale- The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 19
Incorrect
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Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum…
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: All options are correct
Explanation:Cerebrocerebellum is comprised of two lateral regions, the cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the cerebral cortex. It is principally responsible for controlling coordination of movement. Three fiber bundles carry the input and output of the cerebellum. There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 20
Incorrect
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The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Mesothelial cells
Explanation:The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial and much thicker dura mater and the deeper pia mater, from which it is separated by the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid mater consists of a subdural mesothelial layer and a compact central layer
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 21
Incorrect
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Which receptor type is associated with bronchial muscle relaxation?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: β2
Explanation:β2-adrenoceptors are widely distributed in the respiratory tract. When they are activated, an intracellular response induces the activation of cyclic AMP; this, in turn, produces airway relaxation through phosphorylation of muscle regulatory proteins and modification of cellular Ca2+concentrations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 22
Incorrect
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The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Sensory input from the semi-circular canal (CN VIII)
Explanation:Located in the brain stem is a series of purely sensory nuclei known as tractus solitaries. Inputs of the nucleus tractus solitaries include:Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis).Sensory information from the ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve).Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus nerve.Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 23
Incorrect
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Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Axoplasmic flow
Explanation:Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as axoplasmic, axonal flow or Axonal transport.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 24
Incorrect
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The superior orbital fissure is the site of entry/exit for which of the following group of nerves?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: CN III, IV, V1, VI
Explanation:The superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic V1 and the abducens nerve (VI)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 25
Incorrect
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Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Proprioception/ discriminative touch
Explanation:The posterior grey column (dorsal column) is responsible for carrying the sensation of proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration to the nucleus proprius, situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 26
Incorrect
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Question 27
Incorrect
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Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Working memory
Explanation:Synaptic plasticity is an important neurochemical foundation of working memory and generation of memory. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Question 29
Incorrect
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A typical sleep cycle from stage 1 to the end of REM sleep in a normal adult is approximately how long?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 90 min
Explanation:A single sleep cycle has stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM (Rapid eye movement). These stages progress cyclically from 1 through to REM and then begin again with stage 1. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90-110 minutes, with each stage lasting between 5 to 15 minutes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 30
Incorrect
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On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Α2 receptor
Explanation:Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 31
Incorrect
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The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Tela choroidea
Explanation:The choroid plexus produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It consists of modified ependymal cells. Tela choroidea is a region of pia mater of the meninges and underlying ependyma that’s a part of the choroid plexus. It is a very thin layer of the connective tissue of pia mater that overlies and covers the ependyma.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 32
Incorrect
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Regarding gustatory sensation:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
Explanation:There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 33
Incorrect
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Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Choroid plexus
Explanation:About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 34
Incorrect
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Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: I and V
Explanation:Nociceptors are receptors of pain sensation. There are 2 primary afferent/sensory pain fibers which transmit impulses from the receptor to the CNS, specifically to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The two fibers are A δ and C fibers. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the relay centre for sensory information converging from the periphery. Grey matter of the dorsal horn is subdivided in to laminae based on cytoarchitecture. C fibers terminate in lamina II the substantia gelatinosa. A δ fibers terminate primarily in lamina I but some project more deeply to terminate in lamina V.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 35
Incorrect
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Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: CN 2
Explanation:Oculomotor nerve (N3), trochlear nerve (N4), ophthalmic and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N5) pass along its lateral border. The abducent nerve (N6) passes through it along with the internal carotid artery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 36
Incorrect
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The hippocampus is involved in the memory of:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Facts
Explanation:The hippocampus plays an important role in forming new memories about experienced events. Some researchers say that hippocampus plays a major role in declarative memory for example memory of facts.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 37
Incorrect
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Wernicke’s area:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information
Explanation:Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 38
Incorrect
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In the olfactory pathway: Mitral cells project to five regions of the olfactory cortex. Which one of the following is not one of the five regions?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Posterior olfactory nucleus
Explanation:The olfactory system contains peripheral and central divisions which are connected by transduction structures. Peripheral division consists mainly of the nostrils, ethmoid bone, nasal cavity, and the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory neurons are receptor cells in the epithelium that detect odour molecules dissolved in the mucus and transmit information about the odour to the brain in a process called sensory transduction. Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about odours from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory system of the brain. The main olfactory bulb transmits pulses to both mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odour concentration. These cells also note differences between highly similar odours and use that data to aid in later recognition. The cells are different with the mitral having low firing-rates and being easily inhibited by neighbouring cells, while tufted have high rates of firing and are more difficult to inhibit. The uncus houses the olfactory cortex which includes the piriform cortex, amygdala, olfactory tubercle, and para-hippocampal gyrus. Entorhinal cortex is an area of middle temporal lobe that has connection with the para-hippocampal gyrus.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 39
Incorrect
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Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Serotonin
Explanation:Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The rate-limiting step is the conversion of the amino acid to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase. This is then converted to serotonin by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 40
Incorrect
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The motor speech area (Brocas Area) is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Brodmann area 44
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 41
Incorrect
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The main reason for the prolonged effect of the withdrawal reflex is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Multiple connections between afferent and efferent neurons
Explanation:The withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex that protects the body from harmful stimuli. Spinal reflexes are mostly monosynaptic and are mediated by a simple reflex arc. Withdrawal reflex is mediated by a polysynaptic reflex resulting in stimulation of many motor neurons in order to establish a quick and prolonged response.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 42
Incorrect
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Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 5ht3
Explanation:5ht3 is a receptor strongly associated with vomiting, present in vagal afferents, the solitary tract nucleus (STN), and the area posterior. For this reason, 5ht3 antagonists are commonly used as antiemetic drugs. They include ondansetron, tropisetron, and granisetron.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 43
Incorrect
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The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: GABA
Explanation:The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers: the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement. They release a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions thereby reducing transmission of impulses. These inhibitory functions enable purkinje cells to regulate and coordinate motor movements.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 44
Incorrect
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The premotor cortex is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Brodmann area 6
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 45
Incorrect
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The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar cortex?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Purkinje
Explanation:The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers. The molecular layer, the granule cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle. The Purkinje cells project into the deep cerebellar nuclei. They are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 46
Incorrect
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Glucose transport in the brain is mediated by:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: GLUT 1
Explanation:The facilitative glucose transporter mediates the transport of glucose from blood into neurons and glia in the brain. The primary isoforms in the brain are GLUT1 detected at high concentrations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 47
Incorrect
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The primary sensory cortex is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 48
Incorrect
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Question 49
Incorrect
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Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Α2
Explanation:The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 50
Incorrect
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Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 30% change in concentration of substance tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected
Explanation:The ability of humans to differentiate differences in intensity of taste is poor. A 30% change in the concentration of the substance being tasted is required before an intensity difference is perceived.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
