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Question 1
Correct
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Carbohydrates digestion starts in the
Your Answer: Mouth
Explanation:Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the oesophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 2
Correct
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A 42 year old female presents with morning stiffness that usually takes an hour to settle and a one year history of intermittent pain and swelling of the small joints of her hands. Examination reveals symmetric soft tissue swelling over the PIP and MCP joints and rheumatoid nodules on the elbows. There is also an effusion of both wrists. Lab results are positive for rheumatoid factor. X-ray of the wrists and hands shows erosions and bony decalcification. NSAIDs are started and the patient is referred to a rheumatologist for consideration of DMARD. Previous history is significant for TB. Which of the following should be avoided?
Your Answer: Infliximab
Explanation:Anti-TNF-α therapy is effective for patients with arthritis but it can oftentimes lead to the reactivation of latent TB. Hence it should be used with great caution in patients with a past history of TB or current infection.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Connective Tissue
- Medicine
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Question 3
Correct
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A patient who has recently been diagnosed with SLE undergoes serum testing. A rise in which of the following antibodies would indicate severe systemic involvement?
Your Answer: Anti double-stranded DNA antibodies
Explanation:Anti ds-DNA antibodies are very specific for SLE and their presence most often indicates systemic spread of the disease. These antibodies are present in about 30 percent of the total cases of SLE.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Connective Tissue
- Medicine
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Question 4
Correct
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Which of the following statements is the most characteristic of primary Raynaud's phenomena?
Your Answer: Fingers are symmetrically involved during an attack
Explanation:A typical attack may last less than an hour but can also persist for longer. In primary Raynaud’s, attacks are more likely symmetric, episodic, and without evidence of peripheral vascular disease. Patients more commonly have a negative ANA and normal inflammatory markers. There should be no evidence of tissue gangrene, digital pitting, or tissue injury in primary Raynaud’s. In contrast, patients with secondary Raynaud’s will describe attacks that are more frequent, painful, often asymmetric and may lead to digital ulcerations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Connective Tissue
- Medicine
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Hydroxyl radicals are broken down by which of the following substance?
Your Answer: Hydroxyl reductase
Correct Answer: Antioxidants
Explanation:Unlike superoxide, which can be detoxified by superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction but it is believed can be counteracted by antioxidants.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cell Biology
- Medicine
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Question 6
Incorrect
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What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?
Your Answer: The amount of plasma filtered across the glomerular membrane
Correct Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF
Explanation:The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 7
Correct
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Where is the carotid sinus located?
Your Answer: After the bifurcation of the carotid artery, on the internal carotid
Explanation:The carotid sinus is a small dilation in the internal carotid artery just above its bifurcation into the external and internal carotid branch. Baroreceptors are present at this dilation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 8
Incorrect
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On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?
Your Answer: Α1 receptor
Correct Answer: Α2 receptor
Explanation:Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 9
Correct
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Which of the following conditions is NOT X-linked recessive?
Your Answer: Cystic fibrosis
Explanation:Cystic fibrosis is a autosomal recessive disease with an incidence of about 1 in 2500 live births. The most common mutation occurs in the long arm of chromosome 7 which codes for the chloride channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene.
To have CF, a child must inherit two abnormal genes—one from each parent. The recessive CF gene can occur in both boys and girls because it is located on non-sex-linked chromosomes called autosomal chromosomes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Medicine
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Question 10
Incorrect
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Normally the portal venous pressure is about:
Your Answer: 15mmhg
Correct Answer: 5mmhg
Explanation:Under normal physiological conditions, the pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, typically ranges around 5-10 mmHg. Pressures significantly higher than this range can indicate portal hypertension, which can be associated with liver diseases such as cirrhosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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