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Question 1
Incorrect
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The following are all examples of type IV hypersensitivity EXCEPT for:
Your Answer: Sarcoidosis
Correct Answer: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Explanation:Examples of type IV reactions includes: Contact dermatitis Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Primary biliary cholangitis Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) Chronic transplant rejection Granulomatous inflammation (e.g. sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Pathology
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Question 2
Correct
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Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:
Your Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions
Explanation:Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Physiology
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Question 3
Correct
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Which of the following immunoglobulins is most important for mast cell degranulation:
Your Answer: IgE
Explanation:IgA is the major Ig in secretions, particularly from the gastrointestinal tract (but also in saliva, tears, sweat and breast milk). IgE is important for mast cell degranulation in allergic and antiparasitic response. In the allergic response, the plasma cell produces IgE-antibodies, which, like antibodies of other immunoglobulin isotypes, are capable of binding a specific allergen via its Fab portion. IgG is the most abundant in plasma (comprising 80% of normal serum immunoglobulin) and the main circulatory Ig for the secondary immune response.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Pathology
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Question 4
Correct
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In all of the following conditions, lymphocytosis typically occurs except for:
Your Answer: Corticosteroid therapy
Explanation:In infants and young children, lymphocytosis often occurs in response to infections that would normally produce a neutrophil reaction in adults. Lymphocytosis occurs in: 1. Viral infections (e.g. infectious mononucleosis, HIV, rubella, mumps, viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex or zoster) 2. Bacterial infections (e.g. pertussis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, syphilis) 3. Chronic lymphoid leukaemias 4. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemias 5. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 6. Thyrotoxicosis
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Pathology
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Question 5
Correct
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The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to an infected area is called:
Your Answer: Chemotaxis
Explanation:During an inflammatory process many cytokines are produced that act as chemokines to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation. These include bacterial products, IL-8, C5a and LTB4.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Physiology
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Question 6
Correct
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Fibrinoid necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:
Your Answer: Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: Malignant hypertension
Explanation:Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in malignant hypertension where increased arterial pressure results in necrosis of smooth muscle wall. Eosinophilic and fibrinous deposits are seen.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 8
Correct
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What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?
Your Answer: Germinal centre
Explanation:The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Physiology
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Question 9
Correct
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An 8 year old boy presents with bleeding from the nose. From which area did the bleeding most likely originate?
Your Answer: Kiesselbach's plexus
Explanation:Answer: Kiesselbach’s plexusEpistaxis is defined as acute haemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx. The source of 90% of anterior nosebleeds within the Kiesselbach’s plexus (also known as Little’s area) on the anterior nasal septum. Kiesselbach’s plexus (Kiesselbach’s area or Little’s area) is a vascular region of the anteroinferior nasal septum that comprises four arterial anastomoses:1)anterior ethmoidal artery – a branch of the ophthalmic artery2)sphenopalatine artery
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Head & Neck
- Pathology
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Question 10
Correct
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Mast cells play a significant part in which of the following?
Your Answer: Allergic disease
Explanation:Mast cells play a central role in the response to allergen challenges. The activation of mast cells results in both an early and a delayed phase of inflammation. Mast cells have been implicated in both physiologic and pathogenic processes. Mast cells are important in defence against some bacteria and viruses and contribute to defence against parasites. They are key effector cells in both innate and acquired immunity and are capable of inducing and amplifying both types of responses. Specifically, mast cells are capable of detecting microbial products through surface pattern recognition receptors, and they are involved in the recruitment of other leukocytes, containment of bacterial infections, and tissue repair.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Pathology
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