-
Question 1
Correct
-
Increase Gamma motor neuron activity produces what effect on the muscle spindle sensitivity?
Your Answer: Increase
Explanation:The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is Type Ia fibers whereas motor supply is via gamma motor neurons. These neurons also play a role in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles. Increased neuron activity increases the muscle spindle sensitivity.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Question 3
Correct
-
The following are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT?
Your Answer: Cholecystokinin
Explanation:The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation. It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as red blood cell production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. The liver also produces albumin, the most abundant protein in blood serum and angiotensinogen. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 4
Correct
-
Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in:
Your Answer: K
Explanation:Cochlear fluids namely endolymph and perilymph have different compositions. Perilymph is a typical extracellular fluid, with ionic composition comparable to plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. The main cation is sodium. Endolymph is a totally unique extracellular fluid, with an ion composition unlike that which is found anywhere else in the body. The major cation in the endolymph is potassium and there is virtually no sodium.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 5
Correct
-
The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to a muscle is mediated by which sensory organ?
Your Answer: Golgi tendon organ
Explanation:Both the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon body are proprioceptors. The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 6
Correct
-
You've been requested to give a discussion to a group of medical students about cardiovascular physiology. One of them inquires about cardiac output and asks if you can explain it. Which of the following statements is correct?
Your Answer: An average resting cardiac output in a woman is 5 L/min
Explanation:The terminology cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. Women’s rates are around 5 L/min, whereas men’s rates are somewhat higher, around 5.5 L/min. Cardiac output (CO) is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (SV) by heart rate (HR): CO = HR x SV As a result, both stroke volume and heart rate are exactly proportional to cardiac output. There will be an increase in cardiac output if the stroke volume or heart rate increases, and a reduction in cardiac output if the stroke volume or heart rate lowers.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
Afferent A δ fibers from nociceptors terminate primarily on neurons in which lamina:
Your Answer: I and V
Explanation:Nociceptors are receptors of pain sensation. There are 2 primary afferent/sensory pain fibers which transmit impulses from the receptor to the CNS, specifically to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The two fibers are A δ and C fibers. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is the relay centre for sensory information converging from the periphery. Grey matter of the dorsal horn is subdivided in to laminae based on cytoarchitecture. C fibers terminate in lamina II the substantia gelatinosa. A δ fibers terminate primarily in lamina I but some project more deeply to terminate in lamina V.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
-
-
Question 8
Correct
-
Absorption of protein antigens i.e. bacterial and viral proteins takes place in the:
Your Answer: Microfold cells (m cells) of the intestine
Explanation:M cells are specialized epithelial cells. They have a high capacity of transcytosis of microorganisms and macromolecules. They rapidly uptake antigens and present them to immune cells associated with the gut. In contrast to absorptive enterocytes, M cells do not exert direct defence mechanisms to antigens and pathogens in the intestinal cavity. Crypts of Lieberkühn are located mainly in the small intestine and large intestine and the main function is to replenish epithelial cells and to secrete intestinal enzymatic juice as well as mucous. Brunner’s glands empty into intestinal glands and their main function is to secrete mucin and to form a protective mucus layer on the duodenal epithelial cells to protect it from acidic chyme coming from the stomach. Islets of Langerhans are located in the pancreas and secrets insulin mainly. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue plays a role in inducing immune response after presentation of antigens.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
Currents caused by opening of which of the following channels contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential of the ventricular muscle fibers?
Your Answer: Potassium channels
Explanation:Depolarization occurs due to opening of the voltage gated sodium channels. Repolarization occurs due to opening of the voltage gates potassium channels causing an out flux of potassium ions, decreasing the membrane potential towards resting potential.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Physiology
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
The structure of haemoglobin A in adults includes
Your Answer: Haem, globin polypeptide chains β and υ
Correct Answer: Haem, globin polypeptide chains α and β
Explanation:Haemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult haemoglobin or α2β2, is the most common human haemoglobin tetramer, comprising over 97% of the total red blood cell haemoglobin. It consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Physiology
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
