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Question 1
Correct
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Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?
Your Answer: Tubular interstitial cells
Explanation:Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 2
Correct
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The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except:
Your Answer: Lateral spinal artery
Explanation:The spinal cord (SC) is supplied by the single anterior spinal artery which supplies the anterior two thirds of the SC and paired posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior one third. Anastomoses between the spinal arteries supply the lateral column. These arteries originate near the cervico-occipital junction and therefore have a smaller calibre and often discontinue. Thus, they require reinforcement by segmental/radicular arteries which are branches of the ascending cervical artery, deep cervical artery, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries and lateral sacral arteries
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 3
Correct
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Habituation…
Your Answer: Is a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times
Explanation:It is a simple form of learning where an organism decreases or ceases it’s response to a certain stimuli after repeated presentation. The organisms learns to stop responding to a stimulus which is no longer biologically relevant.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 4
Correct
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A 26-year-old student has been brought to the emergency department in a confused state. His friends report that he has been complaining of headaches for the past few weeks. He has a low-grade fever and on examination is noted to have abnormally pink mucosa. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Your Answer: Carbon monoxide poisoning
Explanation:Confusion and pink mucosae are typical features of CO poisoning.The patient often presents, most commonly with headaches, and other symptoms like malaise, nausea, and dizziness.Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, considered as the great imitator of other diseases as the patients present with a myriad of symptoms. The carbon monoxide diffuses rapidly across the pulmonary capillary membrane binding to the haem molecule with a very high affinity (240 times that of oxygen) forming carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb). Non-smokers have a baseline COHb of ,3% while smokers have a baseline COHb of 10-15%.Features of carbon monoxide toxicity- Headache: 90% of cases- Nausea and vomiting: 50%- Vertigo: 50%- Confusion: 30%- Subjective weakness: 20%- Severe toxicity: ‘pink’ skin and mucosae, hyperpyrexia, arrhythmias, extrapyramidal features, coma, deathTreatment:Use of Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for treating mild to moderate CO poisoning is not routine.The selection criteria for HBOT in cases of CO poisoning include:• COHb levels > 20-25%• COHb levels > 20% in pregnant patient • Loss of consciousness• Severe metabolic acidosis (pH <7.1)• Evidence of end-organ ischemia (e.g., ECG changes, chest pain, or altered mental status)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
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Question 5
Correct
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Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen is by
Your Answer: Trypsin
Explanation:The enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyse the reaction pro-colipase → colipase. Colipase is necessary, along with bile salts, to enable lipase function.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Regarding Polymerase Chain Reaction, all are true except:
Your Answer: DNA polymerase extends primers using target DNA as template
Correct Answer: There is a linear rise of DNA copies during amplification.
Explanation:All are true except there is a linear rise of DNA copies during amplification. There is an exponential rise in amplification of DNA.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Genetics
- Medicine
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Question 7
Correct
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Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans?
Your Answer: It is found in association with a third heart sound
Explanation:Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. A pathological third heart sound is usually associated.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 8
Correct
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Most of the venous blood returns to the heart through the:
Your Answer: Coronary sinus and anterior cardiac veins
Explanation:Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins which drain into the right atrium.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 9
Correct
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The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?
Your Answer: Pepsinogens
Explanation:A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 10
Correct
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Peristalsis is an example of:
Your Answer: Enteric nervous system
Explanation:Peristalsis is a type of contraction where radial symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles propagates food in a downward wave through the gut. The enteric nervous system is one of the main divisions of the nervous system and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract. It has an independent reflex activity. The neurons of this system re collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (or Auerbach’s) and submucosal (or Meissner’s plexuses). Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 11
Correct
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During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?
Your Answer: REM
Explanation:Rapid eye movement (REM) stage is marked by extensive physiological changes in the body, such as accelerated respiration, increased brain activity and muscle relaxation. People dream during REM sleep, perhaps as a result of excited brain activity and the paralysis of major voluntary muscles.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 12
Correct
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The pathway responsible for the discriminative aspect of pain, is called the:
Your Answer: Neospinothalamic tract
Explanation:The spinothalamic tract is an ascending or a sensory tract, responsible for transmission of pain and temperature. The neospinothalamic tract is responsible for fast pain or discriminative pain whereas the palaeospinothalamic tract is responsible for transmission of slow pain.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 13
Correct
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Regarding cardiac output, an increased ejection fraction results from increases in which of the following?
Your Answer: Strength of contraction without increase in muscle fiber length
Explanation:When the strength of contraction increases without an increase in fiber length, the EF increases.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 14
Correct
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Which mechanism of action do Quinolones use?
Your Answer: Inhibit DNA gyrase
Explanation:The quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs. Quinolones exert their antibacterial effect by preventing bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Infectious Diseases
- Medicine
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Question 15
Correct
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From which of the following can niacin be synthesized in humans
Your Answer: Tryptophan
Explanation:Niacin, is also known as vitamin B3. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, requiring 60 mg of tryptophan to make one mg of niacin.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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Question 16
Correct
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Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Brunner glands?
Your Answer: Duodenum
Explanation:Brunner’s glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to:- protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme (which is introduced into the duodenum from the stomach);- provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to be active, thus enabling absorption to take place; lubricate the intestinal walls.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 17
Correct
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The haemostatic plug formation in response to injured blood vessel wall is stimulated by exposure of which substance to platelets?
Your Answer: Collagen
Explanation:When the endothelium is damaged, the normally isolated, underlying collagen is exposed to circulating platelets, which bind directly to collagen with collagen-specific glycoprotein Ia/IIa surface receptors. This adhesion is strengthened further by von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is released from the endothelium and from platelets.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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Question 18
Correct
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The premotor cortex is:
Your Answer: Brodmann area 6
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 19
Correct
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A 24-year-old women presents following an overdose. Which one of the following would suggest anticholinergic syndrome?
Your Answer: Mydriasis occurs
Explanation:Anticholinergic syndrome results from the inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission. Clinical manifestations can be remembered by the mnemonic, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, and full as a flask. The mnemonic refers to the symptoms of flushing, dry skin and mucous membranes, mydriasis (dilated pupil) with loss of accommodation, altered mental status, fever, and urinary retention, respectively.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
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Question 20
Correct
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An obstruction in a pulmonary artery causes impaired perfusion to an area in the lung. The gas values in the unperfused alveoli at sea level will be:
Your Answer: PO2 = 149 C02 =0
Explanation:Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is approximately 160 mmHg. Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is around 150 mmHg and in an arteriole is around 80-100 mmHg. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is around 35 mmHg in alveolar air and around 40 mmHg in the arteriole.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Respiratory
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Question 21
Correct
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Carbohydrates digestion starts in the
Your Answer: Mouth
Explanation:Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the oesophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 22
Correct
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Which of the following is a characteristic clinical finding of opioid poisoning?
Your Answer: Bradycardia
Explanation:Opioid poisoning is classically associated with pinpoint pupils, reduced respiratory rate, bradycardia, drowsiness and coma. Hypothermia is a feature of barbiturate poisoning, while sweating and lacrimation are seen in cases of opiate withdrawal.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Pharmacology
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Question 23
Correct
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What is the average life span of red blood cells?
Your Answer: 4 months
Explanation:Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days (4 months) in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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Question 24
Correct
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Chief cells secrete:
Your Answer: Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Explanation:A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 25
Correct
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Cholesterol is synthesized in all of these organs EXCEPT?
Your Answer: Stomach
Explanation:The liver primarily synthesizes about 20-25% of the total daily cholesterol. Cholesterol is also synthesized to smaller extents in the adrenal glands, reproductive organs (as cholesterol is the precursor of sex hormones), skin and is also produced in the intestines.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 26
Correct
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The following is true of the sinus node:
Your Answer: It generates impulses automatically & at a quicker rate than other cardiac cells
Explanation:The SA node exhibits automaticity. It generates the impulses to which the heart beats. It fires at a faster speed than the rest of the nervous components of the heart i.e. the AV nodes, purkinje fibers. This is the reason when the SA node fails the heart beats to the rhythm of the AV node.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Medicine
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Question 27
Correct
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The growth promoting protein anabolic effects of insulin are mediated by:
Your Answer: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Explanation:Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or PI-3Ks are a group of enzymes which are involved in a number of different cellular functions. PI-3Ks interact with insulin and the insulin receptor substrate, regulating glucose uptake. They are an important element in the insulin signalling pathway.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Which of the following takes place during fasting
Your Answer: Peristalsis
Correct Answer: Migrating motor complex
Explanation:Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Medicine
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Question 29
Correct
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In Argyll Robertson pupils…
Your Answer: All of the options given
Explanation:Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 30
Correct
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Which vitamin is found in NAD and NADP?
Your Answer: Vitamin B3
Explanation:In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin (vitamin B3)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Medicine
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
