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Question 1
Incorrect
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In inserting a nasogastric tube, which area is least likely to be a site of resistance when the tube goes from the nose to the stomach?
Your Answer: At the junction of the oesophagus with the pharynx
Correct Answer: In the posterior mediastinum where the oesophagus is crossed by the pulmonary trunk
Explanation:In the posterior mediastinum where the oesophagus is crossed by the pulmonary trunk offers the least resistance when nasogastric tube is inserted from the nose to the stomach.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 2
Correct
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A 36-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a two-week history of shortness of breath, fevers, and malaise. A chest X-ray was ordered and the results confirmed the diagnosis of a right middle lobe pneumonia. Which of the following structures of the heart lies closest to the consolidation?
Your Answer: Right atrium
Explanation:In its typical anatomical orientation, the heart has 5 surfaces formed by different internal divisions of the heart: Anterior (or sternocostal) – Right ventricle Posterior (or base) – Left atrium Inferior (or diaphragmatic) – Left and right ventricles Right pulmonary – Right atrium Left pulmonary – Left ventricle The silhouette sign of Felson is with respect to the right middle lobe. The right heart border should have a distinct appearance due to the right atrium abutting aerated right middle lobe. The consolidation in the right middle lobe has resulted in loss of this silhouette.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 3
Incorrect
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In an anatomy demonstration, the instructor asked one of the medical students to pass his index finger inferior to the root of the left lung. The student notices that his finger is blocked by a structure. Which structure do you think is responsible for this?
Your Answer: Left pulmonary vein
Correct Answer: Pulmonary ligament
Explanation:The pulmonary ligament is dual layer of pleura stretching from the inferior part of the hilar reflection toward the diaphragm. The costodiaphragmatic recess is the cavity at the inferior border of the lung where the costal pleura becomes the diaphragmatic pleura. The cupola: is part of the pleura that extends superiorly above the first rib and has no association with the root of the lung.Inferior vena cava is located in the mediastinum, not near the root of the lung. Left pulmonary veins being part of the root of the lung, would not block access to behind the lung. Costomediastinal recess is the part of the pleura where the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 4
Incorrect
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When inserting a chest drain anteriorly into the second intercostal space, one must identify the second costal cartilage by palpating which landmark?
Your Answer: Costal margin
Correct Answer: Sternal angle
Explanation:The sternal angle is the site for identification of the second rib as the second rib is attached to the sternum at this point.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 5
Incorrect
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A 27-year old lady is shot in the chest. The bullet enters superior to the upper edge of the clavicle. She had difficulty in breathing which is interpreted by the A&E physician as a likely indicator of a collapsed lung. If that is the case, what portion of the pleura is most likely to have been punctured?
Your Answer: Hilar reflection
Correct Answer: Cupola
Explanation:The cupola is part of the pleura that extends above the first rib into the root of the lung. Most likely to injured in a stab above the level of the clavicle.Costodiaphragmatic recess: the lowest extent of the pleural sac. Pulmonary ligament: is a fold of pleura located below the root of the lung. Mediastinal pleura: part of the pleura that lines the mediastinal cavity. Hilar reflection is the part of the pleura where the visceral pleura of the lung reflects to become continuous with the parietal pleura.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 6
Correct
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At rest, the left dome of the diaphragm normally reaches as high as which of the following:
Your Answer: Fifth intercostal space
Explanation:At rest the right dome of the diaphragm lies slightly higher than the left; this is thought to be due to the position of the liver. In normal expiration, the normal upper limits of the superior margins are the fifth rib for the right dome, the fifth intercostal space for the left dome and the xiphoid process for the central tendon.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 7
Incorrect
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The outer muscular layer of the oesophagus is covered by?
Your Answer: Serosa
Correct Answer: Loose connective tissue
Explanation:The oesophagus has four layers namely; 1. the mucosal layer, 2. the submucosal layer, 3. the muscular layer and 4. the layer of loose connective tissue which binds to the outer mucosal layer. The oesophagus lacks the serosal layer and therefore holds sutures poorly. The mucosal layer consists of muscularis mucosa and the lamina propria and is made up of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The mucosal layer is the innermost layer of the oesophagus. The submucosal layer being the strongest layer of all has mucous glands which are called as the tuboalveolar mucous glands. The outer muscular layer has two types of muscle layers of which one is the circular layer and the other the longitudinal layer. The Auerbach’s and Meissner’s nerve plexuses lie in between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers and submucosally. The muscle fibres present in the upper 1/3rd part of the oesophagus are skeletal muscle fibres, the middle 1/3rd layer has both smooth and skeletal muscle fibres, but the lower 1/3rd only has smooth muscle fibres. The loose connective tissue layer or the adventitious layer has dense fibrous tissue.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 8
Incorrect
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A 28-year-old woman with history of blunt thoracic trauma develops hypotension chest pain, and breathlessness. A bedside echocardiogram was performed and revealed a large pericardial effusion. Due to this finding, a pericardiocentesis was to be performed. Which of the following statements is considered true regarding pericardiocentesis?
Your Answer: The patient should be lying flat during the procedure
Correct Answer: The needle should be aimed at the midpoint of the left clavicle
Explanation:Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done to remove fluid build-up in the sac around the heart known as the pericardium. The pericardium can be tapped from almost any reasonable location on the chest wall. However, for the usual blind pericardiocentesis, the subxiphoid approach is preferred. Ideally, 2-D echocardiography is used to guide needle insertion and the subsequent path of the needle/catheter. In the subxiphoid approach, the needle is inserted 1 cm inferior to the left xiphocostal angle with an angle of 30 degrees from the patient’s chest with a direction towards the left mid-clavicle. The fingers may sense a distinct give when the needle penetrates the parietal pericardium. Successful removal of fluid confirms the needle’s position.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 9
Correct
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The 'bucket handle' movement of the thoracic wall describes which of the following movements:
Your Answer: The middles of the shafts of the ribs moving upwards and laterally
Explanation:Because the middles of the shafts of the ribs are lower than either the anterior or posterior end, elevation of the ribs also moves the middles of the shafts laterally. This ‘bucket handle’ upwards and lateral movement increases the lateral dimensions of the thorax.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 10
Incorrect
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Regarding the blood supply of the heart, are the following statements true?
Your Answer: The inferior part of the left ventricle is supplied by the left coronary artery
Correct Answer: The left coronary artery originates from the left posterior aortic sinus
Explanation:The left coronary artery arises from the left posterior aortic sinus and divides into the circumflex arteries and the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. The right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus and supplies: – the right ventricle – part of the interventricular septum – the atrioventricular (A-V) node and – in 85% of cases the inferior part of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery provides a posterior interventricular branch and a marginal branch that anastomoses with the LAD at the apex. The oblique vein together with the small, middle and great cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium. The anterior cardiac vein drains directly into the right atrium.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 11
Correct
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Which of the following occurs at the transverse thoracic plane:
Your Answer: Bifurcation of the trachea
Explanation:A way to help remember the structures transected by the transverse thoracic plane is CLAPTRAP: C: cardiac plexus L: ligamentum arteriosum A: aortic arch (inner concavity) P: pulmonary trunk T: tracheal bifurcation (carina) R: right-to-left movement of the thoracic duct (posterior to the oesophagus) A: azygos vein drains into superior vena cava P: pre-vertebral fascia and pre-tracheal fascia end
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 12
Correct
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Needle thoracentesis in a patient with tension pneumothorax is performed at which anatomical landmark?
Your Answer: 2nd intercostal space mid-clavicular line
Explanation:Pleural aspiration describes a procedure whereby pleural fluid or air may be aspirated via a system inserted temporarily into the pleural space. This may be for diagnostic purposes (usually removing 20–50 ml fluid) or therapeutic to relieve symptoms. In the literature it is varyingly called thoracocentesis, thoracentesis or pleural aspiration. In determining the correct patient position and site of insertion, it is important for the operator to be aware of the normal anatomy of the thorax and the pathology of the patient. Patient position is dependent on the operator preference and the site of the pathology. In the case of a posterior lying locule, this may be specific to the image-guided spot where fluid is most likely to be obtained. In most circumstances, however, the site of insertion of the needle is either in the triangle of safety or the second intercostal space in the midclavicular line. The patient may therefore either sit upright leaning forward with arms elevated but resting on a table or bed, thereby exposing the axilla, or lying on a bed in a position.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 13
Correct
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A 60 year-old patient being treated for hypertension presents to the ED with swelling of the left upper limb due to poor venous return. On examination, it is found that an aneurysm of the ascending aorta is impinging on a large vein lying immediately anterosuperior to it. Which vein is it likely to be?
Your Answer: Left brachiocephalic
Explanation:Among the veins listed, only the left brachiocephalic vein is anterosuperior to the ascending aorta. The right brachiocephalic vein being on the right side would not be affected by the aortic aneurysm. The azygos vein lies deep in the chest on the right side. The internal thoracic vein lies interior to the anterior wall of the chest. The left superior intercostal vein is close to the aortic arch, crossing it laterally. This vein drains the 2nd to 4th interspaces on the left side. The Right internal jugular vein joins the right brachiocephalic vein which would not be affected by the aneurysm.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 14
Correct
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All of the following typically occurs as part of normal passive expiration except:
Your Answer: Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles
Explanation:Passive expiration is produced primarily by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) in addition to the elastic recoil of the lungs. In expiration, several movements occur. There are: 1. depression of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement), 2. depression of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement) and 3. elevation of the diaphragm. These result in a reduction of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. There is then a decreased intrathoracic volume and increased intrathoracic pressure and air is forced out of the lungs.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 15
Incorrect
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During a clinical rotation in the ENT clinic, you observe a flexible bronchoscopy. As the scope is passed down the trachea, you see a cartilaginous structure that resembles a ship's keel and separates the right and the left main stem bronchi. This structure is the:
Your Answer: Tracheal ring
Correct Answer: Carina
Explanation:The carina (a keel-like cartilage) is found at the bifurcation of the trachea separating the right from the left main stem bronchi. It is a little more to the left than to the right. The cricoid cartilage is the inferior and posterior cartilage of the larynx. The costal cartilage on the other hand elongates the ribs anteriorly and contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage. The pulmonary ligament is a fold of pleura located below the root of the lung. Tracheal rings are rings of cartilage that support the trachea. Peritracheal fascia is a layer of connective tissue that invests the trachea from the outside and is not visible on bronchoscopy.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 16
Correct
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A chest x ray of a patient reveals loculated fluid in the right chest, which can be easily aspirated if the needle is inserted through the body wall just above the 9th rib in the midaxillary line. Where is this fluid located?
Your Answer: Costodiaphragmatic recess
Explanation:The costodiaphragmatic recess is the lowest point of the pleural sac where the costal pleura becomes the diaphragmatic pleura. At the midclavicular line, this is found between ribs 6 and 8; at the paravertebral lines, between ribs 10 and 12 and between ribs 8 and 10 at the midaxillary line. The cardiac notch: is an indentation of the heart on the left lung, located on the anterior surface of the lung. Cupola: part of the parietal pleura that extends above the first rib. Oblique pericardial sinus: part of the pericardial sac located posterior to the heart behind the left atrium. Costomediastinal recess: a reflection of the pleura from the costal surface to the mediastinal surface, is on the anterior surface of the chest. The inferior mediastinum: is the space in the chest occupied by the heart.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 17
Incorrect
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Which anatomical structure is divided following an emergency department anterolateral thoracotomy?
Your Answer: Internal mammary artery
Correct Answer: Latissimus dorsi
Explanation:Thoracotomy describes an incision made in the chest wall to access the contents of the thoracic cavity. Thoracotomies typically can be divided into two categories; anterolateral thoracotomies and posterolateral thoracotomies. These can be further subdivided into supra-mammary and infra-mammary and, of course, further divided into the right or left chest. Each type of incision has its utility given certain circumstances. A scalpel is used to sharply divide the skin along the inframammary crease overlying the fifth rib. Electrocautery is then used to divide the pectoralis major muscle and serratus anterior muscle. Visualization of the proper operative field can be achieved with the division and retraction of the latissimus dorsi. Either the fourth or fifth intercostal space is then entered after the division of intercostal muscles above the rib to ensure the preservation of the neurovascular bundle. Once the patient is properly secured to the operating table, the ipsilateral arm is raised and positioned anteriorly and cephalad to rest above the head. The incision is started along the inframammary crease and extended posterolaterally below the tip of the scapula. It is then extended superiorly between the spine and the edge of the scapula, a short distance. The trapezius muscle and the subcutaneous tissues are divided with electrocautery. The serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles are identified and can be retracted. The intercostal muscles are then divided along the superior border of the ribs, and the thoracic cavity is accessed.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 18
Correct
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Which of the following is true regarding respiration?
Your Answer: The diaphragm is responsible for abdominal breathing
Explanation:The following are the mechanisms of breathing during inspiration and expiration, whether normal or forced. Normal inspiration is an active process, with the diaphragm as the main muscle. The diaphragm descends, ribs move upward and outward, and the lungs become wider and taller. In forced inspiration, which commonly occurs during exercise, the external intercostals and accessory muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid, anterior serrati, scalenes, alae nasi, genioglossus and arytenoid are involved. The ribs move upward and outward, and the abdominal contents move downward. Normal expiration is a passive process, while in forced expiration, the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles, such as the rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques and transversus abdominis are involved. The ribs move downward and inward, and the abdominal contents move upward.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 19
Incorrect
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A textbook of cardiac surgery explains that while doing a left pneumonectomy, a surgeon must be careful to avoid injury to a vital structure that leaves an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung. Which structure is it referring to?
Your Answer: Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: Aortic arch
Explanation:Structures that leave an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung include: the oesophagus, subclavian artery, brachiocephalic vein, first rib, thymus, the heart, the diaphragm, descending aorta and arch of the aorta. The other structures form an impression on the mediastinal aspect of the right lung.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 20
Incorrect
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During an operation to repair an aortic coarctation in a neonate, a surgeon accidentally cuts the first aortic intercostal arteries as he mobilised the descending aorta. Which one of the following structure might be deprived of its primary source of blood supply following this injury?
Your Answer: Left bronchus
Correct Answer: Right bronchus
Explanation:The right bronchus is supplied by one right bronchial artery that may branch from one of the left bronchial arteries or from the right 3rd posterior intercostal artery (this is the first intercostal artery that arises from the aorta). Damage to this artery might stop blood supply to the main bronchus. Intercostal arteries that go to the first and the second interspaces originate from the highest intercostal artery such that blood supply to either of these spaces would not be interfered with.The left bronchus receives blood from 2 left bronchial arteries which are direct branches from the descending aorta. Fibrous pericardium is the sac that contains the heart. Its blood supply is not a major concern. Visceral pericardium receives its blood supply from the coronary vessels.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 21
Incorrect
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When inserting a Seldinger chest drain for management of pneumothorax, the 'safe triangle' should be identified. Which of the following forms the inferior border of the 'safe triangle'?
Your Answer: 4 th intercostal space
Correct Answer: 5 th intercostal space
Explanation:Care and management of the thoracostomy tubes (chest tubes) are subject to the direction and practice pattern of the responsible physician. Therefore, it is difficult to make a “one size fits all” set of instructions about the specific management recommendations for all chest tubes. It is recommended to discuss specific expectations for management with the patient’s attending physician. Facility specific Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) may provide further guidance for one’s practice. Placement of the appropriately sized chest tube is performed on the affected side. The typical landmark for placement is the 4th or 5th intercostal space (nipple line for males, inframammary fold for females) at the anterior axillary line. The space above the 5th intercostal space and below the base of the axilla that is bordered posteriorly by the trapezius and anteriorly by the pectoralis muscle has recently been described as the safe triangle. Tubes are positioned anteriorly for pneumothoraces and posteriorly for fluid processes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 22
Incorrect
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A 4-year old boy is taken to the emergency room after a sudden onset of coughing and wheezing. Further investigation reveals that he was drawing quietly in his room, when suddenly, he became anxious and started coughing. The parents also noted that the eraser on top of the pencil was missing. A plain radiographic chest imaging is conducted, and confirmed foreign body aspiration. Which of the following areas in the tracheobronchial tree is the most probable location of the aspirated eraser?
Your Answer: Bifurcation of the trachea
Correct Answer: Right main bronchus
Explanation:In foreign body aspiration, the foreign body is more likely to enter the right main bronchus because it is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left main bronchus. In a patient who is standing or sitting, the foreign body tends to become lodged in the posterobasal segment of the inferior lobe of the right lung.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 23
Incorrect
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Regarding the lung roots, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer: Each lung root contains two pulmonary arteries and a pulmonary vein.
Correct Answer: Generally the pulmonary arteries lie superior to the pulmonary veins in the lung root.
Explanation:Each lung root contains a pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins, a main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatics. Generally the pulmonary artery is superior in the lung root, the pulmonary veins are inferior and the bronchi are somewhat posterior in position. The vagus nerves pass posterior to the lung roots while the phrenic nerves pass anterior to them.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 24
Incorrect
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What are the derivatives of the first brachial arch?
Your Answer: Gives rise to the muscles of facial expression
Correct Answer: Gives rise to the sphenomandibular ligament
Explanation:The first brachial arch (mandibular) gives rise to the mandibular and maxillary processes. Muscles and bones of this process originate within the arch’s mesoderm. The first arch cartilage (Meckel’s) ossifies to form the incus and malleus of the middle ear. Its perichondrium gives rise to he sphenomandibular ligament and through intermembraneous ossification after the mandible forms, the rest of the cartilage disappears. Muscles of the first arch include: mylohyoid, tensor tympany and palati, temporalis, masseter and lateral pterygoids and the anterior belly of the epigastric. This first arch is supplied by the trigeminal nerve.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 25
Incorrect
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A victim of mob justice was brought to the A & E with a stab wound in the anterior chest 2 cm lateral to the left sternal border. He underwent an emergency thoracotomy that revealed clots in the pericardium, with a puncture wound in the right ventricle. To evacuate the clots from the pericardial cavity the surgeon slipped his hand behind the heart at its apex. He extended his finger upwards until its tip was stopped by a line of pericardial reflection which forms the:
Your Answer: Cardiac notch
Correct Answer: Oblique pericardial sinus
Explanation:Transverse sinus: part of pericardial cavity that is behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the superior vena cava separating the outflow vessels from the inflow vessels. Oblique pericardial sinus: is behind the left atrium where the visceral pericardium reflects onto the pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava. Sliding a finger under the heart will take you to this space. Cardiac notch: indentation of the ‘of the heart’ on the superior lobe of the left lung. Hilar reflection: the reflection of the pleura onto the root of the lung to continue as mediastinal pleura. Costomediastinal recess: part of the pleural sac where the costal pleura transitions to become the mediastinal pleura. Sulcus terminalis: a groove between the right atrium and the vena cava
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 26
Correct
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A 45-year old man presented to the emergency room with complains of chest pain and breathlessness. Upon history taking and examination, it was discovered that he had a right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax and had a failed attempt at pleural aspiration. The pneumothorax is still considerable in size, but he remains breathless. A Seldinger chest drain was inserted but it started to drain frank blood shortly after. Which of the following complications is most likely to have occurred?
Your Answer: Intercostal artery laceration
Explanation:Injury to the intercostal artery (ICA) is an infrequent but potentially life-threatening complication of all pleural interventions. Traditional anatomy teaching describes the ICA as lying in the intercostal groove, protected by the flange of the rib. This is the rationale behind the recommendation to insert needles just above the superior border of the rib. Current recommendations for chest drain insertion suggest that drains should be inserted in the ‘safe triangle’ in order to avoid the heart and the mediastinum and be above the level of the diaphragm. The safe triangle is formed anteriorly by the lateral border of the pectoralis major, laterally by the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi, inferiorly by the line of the fifth intercostal space and superiorly by the base of the axilla. Imaging guidance also aids in the safety of the procedure.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 27
Incorrect
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The following structures all lie anteriorly to the oesophagus EXCEPT for the:
Your Answer: Trachea
Correct Answer: Thoracic duct
Explanation:Posterior to the oesophagus, the thoracic duct is on the right side inferiorly but crosses to the left more superiorly (at T5).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Which one is true with respect to the first rib?
Your Answer: It is related to the upper two roots of the brachial plexus
Correct Answer: Scalenus anterior is inserted onto the scalene tubercle
Explanation:Specific knowledge of the anatomical relationship is required to address this examination question. The first rib is small and thick and contains a single facet that articulates at the costovertebral joint. It consist of a head, neck and shaft but a discrete angle is deficit. Along the side the shaft is indented with a groove for the subclavian artery and the lower brachial plexus trunk. Front to the scalene tubercle is a space for the subclavian vein. The first rib has the scalenus front muscle joined to the scalene tubercle, isolating the subclavian vein (anteriorly) from the subclavian artery (posteriorly). This anatomical relationship is of major significance with respect to subclavian vein cannulation. The 1st rib has the following relationships: superior: lower trunk of the brachial plexus, subclavian vessels, clavicle. inferior: intercostal vessels and nerves posterior and inferior: pleura anterior: sympathetic trunk (over neck) superior intercostal artery, ventral T1 nerve root
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 29
Incorrect
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You are about to perform an emergency pericardiocentesis on a 26-year-old male who was involved in a car accident and is suspected of having cardiac tamponade due to signs of hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and distended neck veins. Where should you insert the needle to relieve tamponade?
Your Answer: Right fifth intercostal space midclavicular line
Correct Answer: Inferior and to the left of the xiphochondral junction
Explanation:Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that removes excess fluid from the pericardium. As a result, it’s used in cases of cardiac tamponade, which occurs when there’s too much fluid in the space around the heart. During the procedure, a needle and a small catheter are inserted 1 to 2 cm inferior and to the left of the xiphochondral junction into the pericardial cavity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 30
Incorrect
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During a surgical operation, whilst dissecting the mediastinal lymph nodes for a bronchogenic carcinoma of the right upper lobe bronchus, a patient's right sympathetic trunk is accidentally severed above the level of spinal nerve T1. Which function would be left intact in the affected region?
Your Answer: Arrector pili muscle activity
Correct Answer: Voluntary muscle activity
Explanation:The sympathetic nervous system regulates vascular tone, dilation of pupils, arrector pili muscles, sweat production and visceral reflexes. Neurones that supply the voluntary muscles originate from the ventral horn of the spinal cord. If these nerves were thus damaged, these functions would be impaired. The sympathetic nervous system is not responsible for voluntary muscle activity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
