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  • Question 1 - The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area? ...

    Incorrect

    • The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?

      Your Answer: Thalamus

      Correct Answer: Posterior hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      23.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - In the absence of insulin: ...

    Incorrect

    • In the absence of insulin:

      Your Answer: Intestinal absorption of glucose is reduced

      Correct Answer: Glucose uptake by most of the brain is normal

      Explanation:

      Although it is known that insulin levels affect glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in peripheral tissues, its role in the brain isn’t as clear. However, studies have shown that bulk brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin. Glucose transport into the neurons is GLUT3 dependent, and its transport into glia and brain endothelial cells rely on GLUT1. Insulin isn’t necessary for GLUT1 or GLUT3, which explains why brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      20.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where does the anterior pituitary receive most of its blood supply? ...

    Correct

    • Where does the anterior pituitary receive most of its blood supply?

      Your Answer: Portal hypophysial vessels

      Explanation:

      The anterior pituitary receives its arterial supply from the superior hypophyseal artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid that forms a capillary around the hypothalamus; thus forming the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      44.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes?

      Your Answer: Testosterone

      Correct Answer: LH

      Explanation:

      Luteinizing hormone or LH is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Studies have shown surges in LH levels during menopausal hot flushes, suggesting that a pulsatile release of LH is responsible for increased hypothalamic norepinephrine activity, causing the hot flushes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      35.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The febrile response to PGE2 will be impaired with the knockout of which...

    Incorrect

    • The febrile response to PGE2 will be impaired with the knockout of which one of the following prostaglandin receptors?

      Your Answer: Ep4

      Correct Answer: Ep3

      Explanation:

      Prostaglandin EP3 receptor is a receptor for prostaglandin E2. Fever occurs as a result of the action of prostaglandin E2 and requires EP3 receptors in the preoptic area. Therefore, if there is an absence of EP3 receptors, fever caused by prostaglandin E2 will not occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Where does one find the thyroid receptors? ...

    Correct

    • Where does one find the thyroid receptors?

      Your Answer: Cell nucleus

      Explanation:

      Unlike many of the steroid receptors, inactive receptors for T3 are located in the nucleus. T4 is first converted into T3 within the cytoplasm of the cell, T3 then enters the nucleus and binds to its receptor. The hormone-receptor complex can now bind to DNA and activate specific genes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following is correctly paired? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is correctly paired?

      Your Answer: F cells : pancreatic polypeptide

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by F-cells, which represent the smallest proportion of islet cells in the pancreas. These cells establish the embryological origin of the pancreas. Pancreatic polypeptide regulates endocrine and exocrine activities by the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      4.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The net effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is? ...

    Correct

    • The net effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate homeostasis is?

      Your Answer: Increase in Ca, decrease in phosphate

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid hormone’s main target organs are the kidneys, bone, and intestine. In the kidney, it decreases reabsorption of phosphate and increases calcium reabsorption. It also promotes absorption of calcium from bone. PTH release results in a small drop in serum phosphate concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact...

    Correct

    • In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact modified forms of which cells?

      Your Answer: Astrocytes

      Explanation:

      Pituicytes are glial cells present in the pars nervosa, the posterior pituitary gland. Their irregular shape resembles that of astrocytes, and their cytoplasm also has intermediate filaments. They differ from astrocytes in that they have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      16.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include all the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include all the following except:

      Your Answer: Increased number of β1-adrenergic receptors

      Correct Answer: Increased expression of β-myosin heavy chain gene

      Explanation:

      Tri-iodothyronine, also known as T3, is a hormone which can affect almost every system in the human body. In the heart, it increases the number of β1-adrenergic receptors, enhances the response to circulating catecholamines, increases the proportion of α-myosin heavy chains in the atria, and increases the expression of serca pump gene.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce...

    Incorrect

    • Endotoxin will typically act on which one of the following cells, to produce endogenous pyrogens?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Correct Answer: Monocytes

      Explanation:

      Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharides or lipoglycans, are molecules that consist of a lipid and a polysaccharide. They bind to many cell types, but especially to monocytes, promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, acting as a pyrogen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      29.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the...

    Correct

    • Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery?

      Your Answer: Deiodinase 1

      Explanation:

      Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase, also known simply as deiodinase 1, is an enzyme which can produce both triiodothyronine (active form) or inactivate metabolites from T4. It is responsible for almost 80% of the conversion of peripheral T4 to T3. Iodothyronine deiodinases are not to be confused with iodotyrosine deiodinases, which are also part of the deiodinase enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage...

    Correct

    • During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage known as:

      Your Answer: Epiphysial plate

      Explanation:

      The epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate, is a hyaline cartilage plate located near the ends of long bones; it consists of growing tissue. It is found in children and teenagers; in adults, it is replaced by an epiphysial line or epiphysial closure. The epiphysial plate is divided into zones: zone of reserve, proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone? ...

    Correct

    • Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone?

      Your Answer: Chief cells

      Explanation:

      Parathyroid chief cells, also known as parathyroid principal cells or parathyroid cells, are the most prevalent type of cell in the parathyroid gland and the only ones present at birth. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which one of the following features is least associated with primary hyperparathyroidism? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features is least associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

      Your Answer: Peptic ulceration

      Correct Answer: Sensory loss

      Explanation:

      The signs and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism are those of hypercalcemia. They are classically summarized by stones, bones, abdominal groans, thrones and psychiatric overtones.

      Stones refers to kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, and diabetes insipidus (polyuria and polydipsia). These can ultimately lead to renal failure.

      Bones refers to bone-related complications: osteitis fibrosa cystica, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and arthritis.

      Abdominal groans refers to gastrointestinal symptoms of constipation, indigestion, nausea and vomiting. Hypercalcemia can lead to peptic ulcers and acute pancreatitis.

      Thrones refers to polyuria and constipation

      Psychiatric overtones refers to effects on the central nervous system. Symptoms include lethargy, fatigue, depression, memory loss, psychosis, ataxia, delirium, and coma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      27.4
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following features is least commonly seen in Gitelman’s syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features is least commonly seen in Gitelman’s syndrome?

      Your Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

      Correct Answer: Hypertension

      Explanation:

      Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive kidney disorder characterized by hypokalaemia metabolic alkalosis with hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. In contrast to patients with Gordon’s syndrome, those suffering from Gitelman’s syndrome are generally normotensive or hypotensive.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      15.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include: ...

    Incorrect

    • The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include:

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Development of external genitalia in utero and at puberty

      Explanation:

      Dihydrotestosterone mediates the differentiation of the urogenital sinus and genital tubercles, leading to the fusion of the urethral and labial folds; thus, it leads to the development of external genitalia in the male.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      35.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Growth hormone deficiency causes? ...

    Correct

    • Growth hormone deficiency causes?

      Your Answer: Decreased epiphyseal growth

      Explanation:

      Growth hormone deficiency is caused by conditions affecting the pituitary gland, such as tumours. Its effects depend on the age of the patient: in infancy and childhood, growth failure is most likely to occur. The epiphyseal plate is the area in long bones where growth occurs, and it is the area affected by growth hormone deficiency. Poor growth/shortness is the main symptom of GH deficiency in children, usually resulting in growth at about half the usual rate for age.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. ...

    Correct

    • Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

      Your Answer: Oxytocin and vasopressin

      Explanation:

      The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). These hormones are stored in Herring bodies before being secreted into the bloodstream.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Zona reticularis

      Correct Answer: Zona fasciculata

      Explanation:

      The zona fasciculata represents the widest area of the adrenal cortex, situated in the middle of the cortex. It produces glucocorticoids including; 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      11.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrinology (10/20) 50%
Medicine (10/20) 50%
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