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Question 1
Correct
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A chef, whilst preparing food, cut her thumb with a knife. She transected the arteria princeps pollicis. This artery is a branch of the?
Your Answer: Radial artery
Explanation:The radial artery branches into the arteria princeps pollicis as it turns medially into the deep part of the hand. The arteria princeps pollicis is distributed to the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the thumb.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
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Question 2
Incorrect
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A victim of mob justice was brought to the A & E with a stab wound in the anterior chest 2 cm lateral to the left sternal border. He underwent an emergency thoracotomy that revealed clots in the pericardium, with a puncture wound in the right ventricle. To evacuate the clots from the pericardial cavity the surgeon slipped his hand behind the heart at its apex. He extended his finger upwards until its tip was stopped by a line of pericardial reflection which forms the:
Your Answer: Transverse pericardial sinus
Correct Answer: Oblique pericardial sinus
Explanation:Transverse sinus: part of pericardial cavity that is behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the superior vena cava separating the outflow vessels from the inflow vessels.
Oblique pericardial sinus: is behind the left atrium where the visceral pericardium reflects onto the pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava. Sliding a finger under the heart will take you to this space.
Cardiac notch: indentation of the ‘of the heart’ on the superior lobe of the left lung.
Hilar reflection: the reflection of the pleura onto the root of the lung to continue as mediastinal pleura.
Costomediastinal recess: part of the pleural sac where the costal pleura transitions to become the mediastinal pleura.
Sulcus terminalis: a groove between the right atrium and the vena cava
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 3
Correct
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A patient is unable to move their mandible to the left. Which muscle is affected in this case?
Your Answer: Right lateral pterygoid muscle
Explanation:Patients with paralysis of the right pterygoid muscle are unable to move their mandible laterally to the left.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 4
Correct
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Which of the following structures, is the area in which the superior cerebral veins drain into?
Your Answer: Superior sagittal sinus
Explanation:The superior cerebral veins are predominantly located on the superior aspect of the brain. They are 8 to 12 in number and they drain the lateral, medial and superior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres.
These veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus, also known as the superior longitudinal sinus – which is located along the attached margin of the falx cerebri.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 5
Incorrect
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A recognised side-effect of prefrontal leukotomy is:
Your Answer: Anger
Correct Answer: Confusion
Explanation:Used previously as a treatment for psychiatric disorders, prefrontal leucotomy severs the connection between the prefrontal cortical association area and the thalamus. This leads to functional isolation of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal association cortex. Thus, along with the desired reduction in anger and frustration, undesirable side effects included changes in mood and affect, as well as confusion.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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All the following arteries contribute to the blood supply of the hip joint except:
Your Answer: Foveal artery
Correct Answer: Pudendal
Explanation:The blood supply to the hip joint is from two main arteries, the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries. These are branches of the deep artery of the thigh, which itself is a branch of the femoral artery. There is contribution of blood supply from the inferior gluteals, foveal and obturator arteries.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
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Question 7
Incorrect
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During an exploratory laparotomy of an acute abdomen, the surgeon identified an inflamed Meckel's diverticulum. This is:
Your Answer: Is an abnormal persistence of the urachus
Correct Answer: Is a site of ectopic pancreatic tissue
Explanation:Meckel’s diverticulum is an outpouching of the small intestine. It usually occurs about 0.6 m (2 feet) before the junction with the caecum. It can be lined with the mucosa of the stomach and may ulcerate. It may also be lined by ectopic pancreatic tissue. It represents the remains of the vitelline duct in early fetal life.
An abnormal persistence of the urachus is called a urachal fistula.
Failure of the midgut loop to return to the abdominal cavity is called an omphalocele.
Polyhydramnios is often caused by anencephaly or oesophageal fistula.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Abdomen
- Anatomy
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Question 8
Correct
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The otic ganglion receives its preganglionic sympathetic fibres from which of the following nerves?
Your Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Explanation:The otic ganglion is a small (2–3 mm), oval shaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-grey colour, located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa and on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibres originate in the inferior salivatory nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve. They leave the glossopharyngeal nerve by its tympanic branch and then pass via the tympanic plexus and the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion. Here, the fibres synapse, and the postganglionic fibres pass by communicating branches to the auriculotemporal nerve, which conveys them to the parotid gland. They produce vasodilator and secretomotor effects.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 9
Correct
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A patient with a long standing lower motor neuron lesion will have:
Your Answer: Muscle wasting
Explanation:Lower motor neurons (LMNs) connect the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibres. Damage to lower motor neurons is indicated by abnormal electromyographic potentials, fasciculations, paralysis, weakening and wasting of skeletal muscles.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
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Question 10
Correct
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The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the:
Your Answer: Postcentral gyrus
Explanation:The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus and is the largest cortical receiving area for information from somatosensory receptors. Through corticocortical fibres, it then sends the information to other areas of the neocortex and further analysis takes place in the posterior parietal association cortex.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
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Question 11
Correct
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A 70-year-old man suffers an ischaemic stroke and develops a left homonymous hemianopia. Where is the likely infarct?
Your Answer: Right occipital lobe
Explanation:The man has a left homonymous hemianopia which means he is unable to view objects in the left visual field. This information is processed by the right primary visual cortex which lies in the right occipital lobe.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Pathology
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Question 12
Incorrect
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The line which divides the perineum into two triangles is connected to the?
Your Answer: Pubic tubercles
Correct Answer: Ischial tuberosities
Explanation:The perineum has it’s deep boundaries in front of the pubic arch and the arcuate ligament of the pubis, behind the tip of the coccyx and on either side of the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium and the sacrotuberous ligament. It also corresponds to the outlet of the pelvis. A line drawn transversely across, in front of the ischial tuberosities divides the space into two portions, the posterior contains the termination of the anal canal and the anterior, contains the external urogenital organs.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Pelvis
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Question 13
Incorrect
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What is the chief ligament preventing posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur ?
Your Answer: Anterior cruciate
Correct Answer: Posterior cruciate
Explanation:The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the posterior intercondyloid fossa of the tibia and the lateral and front part of the medial condyle of the femur. It resists sliding of the tibia posteriorly.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
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Question 14
Incorrect
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Following nerve injury, paralysis of the quadriceps femoris muscle occurs. Which of the following movements will be affected?
Your Answer: Flexion of the thigh
Correct Answer: Extension of the leg
Explanation:The quadriceps muscle is a great extensor of the thigh. Therefore, following nerve injury or cutting nerve supply to the quadriceps will affect extension of the thigh
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
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Question 15
Correct
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An 80 year-old quadriplegic man has been lying supine for 7 weeks in a critical care ward. He develops a right lung abscess that is draining by gravity to a particular region of the lung. Which is the most likely site of pus collection?
Your Answer: Superior segment of the lower lobe
Explanation:The superior segmental bronchus of the lower lobe of the right lung branches posteriorly off the intermediate bronchus or the inferior lobe bronchus. It is therefore more likely to receive fluid or foreign bodies that enter the right main bronchus especially when the patient is supine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 16
Incorrect
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The thoracic duct :
Your Answer: Extends from the first sacral vertebra to the root of the neck
Correct Answer: varies in length from 38 to 45 cm
Explanation:The thoracic duct is the main drainage of lymph in the body. It varies in length from 38 to 45 cm and extends from the second lumbar vertebra to the root of the neck.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 17
Correct
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Which of the following structure contains the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle?
Your Answer: Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Explanation:The Edinger–Westphal nucleus (accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 18
Correct
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The muscle that forms the posterior wall of the axilla along with the scapula, subscapularis muscle and teres major muscle is the?
Your Answer: Latissimus dorsi
Explanation:The latissimus dorsi forms the posterior wall of the axilla along with the scapula. It is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
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Question 19
Incorrect
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In an anatomy demonstration, the instructor asked one of the medical students to pass his index finger inferior to the root of the left lung. The student notices that his finger is blocked by a structure. Which structure do you think is responsible for this?
Your Answer: Cupola
Correct Answer: Pulmonary ligament
Explanation:The pulmonary ligament is dual layer of pleura stretching from the inferior part of the hilar reflection toward the diaphragm.
The costodiaphragmatic recess is the cavity at the inferior border of the lung where the costal pleura becomes the diaphragmatic pleura.
The cupola: is part of the pleura that extends superiorly above the first rib and has no association with the root of the lung.
Inferior vena cava is located in the mediastinum, not near the root of the lung.
Left pulmonary veins being part of the root of the lung, would not block access to behind the lung. Costomediastinal recess is the part of the pleura where the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 20
Correct
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Injury to this nerve will affect the function of the palatoglossus and levator veli palatini muscles:
Your Answer: Cranial nerve X
Explanation:The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates both the palatoglossus and levator veli palatini muscles.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 21
Incorrect
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A sudden loud sound is more likely to result in cochlear damage than a slowly developing loud sound. This is because:
Your Answer: The fluid pressure in the scala tympani decreases as a sound becomes louder
Correct Answer: There is a latent period before the attenuation reflex can occur
Explanation:On transmission of a loud sound into the central nervous system, an attenuation reflex occurs after a latent period of 40-80 ms. This reflex contracts the two muscles that pull malleus and stapes closer, developing a high degree of rigidity in the entire ossicular chain. This reduces the ossicular conduction of low frequency sounds to the cochlea by 30-40 decibels. In this way, the cochlea is protected from damage due to loud sounds (these are low frequency sounds) when they develop slowly.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Neurology
- Physiology
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Question 22
Incorrect
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A patient who complained of pain on the lower left side of the back had an x-ray done which confirmed a hernia passing posterolaterally, just superior to the iliac crest. Where is this hernia passing through?
Your Answer: Inguinal triangle
Correct Answer: Lumbar triangle
Explanation:The lumber triangle is bound medially by the border of the latissimus dorsi, laterally by the external abdominal oblique and by the iliac crest inferiorly. This is exactly where the hernia that is described is located.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Lower Limb
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Question 23
Incorrect
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During a procedure to treat an ulcer in the first part of the duodenum, the most appropriate site to make the incision on the anterior abdominal wall to approach this ulcer would be the:
Your Answer: Right hypochondrial region
Correct Answer: Epigastric region
Explanation:The abdomen is divided into nine regions for descriptive purposes. The epigastric region contains the first part of the duodenum, part of the stomach, part of the liver and pancreas. This would be the region that the surgeon would need to enter to access the ulcer.
Typically, a midline incision in the epigastric region, extending from just below the xiphoid process down to the umbilicus, provides excellent access to the first part of the duodenum.
The left inguinal region contains the sigmoid colon.
The left lumbar region contains the descending colon and kidney.
The right lumbar region contains the right kidney and descending colon.
The right hypochondrial region contains part of the liver and gall bladder.
The hypogastric region contains the urinary bladder and the rectum.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Abdomen
- Anatomy
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Question 24
Correct
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Which of the following structures carry part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle?
Your Answer: Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)
Explanation:The moderator band extends from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the ventricular septum. It is the structure which carries part of the right AV bundle. Its role it to prevent overdistention of the ventricle.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 25
Incorrect
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Which of the following structures is not easily palpable?
Your Answer: Thyroid cartilage
Correct Answer: Styloid process of the temporal bone
Explanation:The styloid process is a thin, pointed process that projects antero-inferiorly from the base of the petrous temporal bone. It can vary in length from a short, stubby process to a slender, four to five centimetre rod. It forms from the cranial elements of the second pharyngeal arch. The tympanic plate of the temporal bone ensheathes the base of this process. The pointed, projecting portion of the process provides attachment to the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments, and to three muscles – the styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stylopharyngeus. As the styloid process is covered by the various muscles, it is not easily palpable in live subjects.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 26
Correct
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An old man presented with atrophy of the thenar eminence despite the sensation over it still being intact. What is the injured nerve in this case?
Your Answer: Median nerve
Explanation:Atrophy of the thenar muscles means injury to the motor supply of these muscles. The nerve that sends innervation to it is the median nerve. But the median nerve does not provide sensory innervation to the overlying skin so sensation is spared.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Upper Limb
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Question 27
Correct
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A patient at the time of her second delivery opted for a bilateral pudendal nerve block. In order to inject the anaesthetic agent near the pudendal nerve a anaesthetic consultant had to insert a finger into the vagina and press laterally to palpate which landmark?
Your Answer: Ischial spine
Explanation:The ischial spine is always palpated through the walls of the vagina when performing a transvaginal pudendal nerve block and can easily be palpated on the lateral wall of the vagina.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Pelvis
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Which of these foramen is located at the base of the skull and transmits the accessory meningeal artery?
Your Answer: Foramen spinosum
Correct Answer: Foramen ovale
Explanation:At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The following structures pass through foramen ovale: mandibular nerve, motor root of the trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, emissary vein connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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Question 29
Correct
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Which of the following is a large artery that runs immediately posterior to the stomach?
Your Answer: Splenic
Explanation:The splenic artery is the large artery that would be found running off the posterior wall of the stomach. It is a branch of the coeliac trunk and sends off branches to the pancreas before reaching the spleen. The gastroduodenal artery on the other hand is found inferior to the stomach, posterior to the first portion of the duodenum. The left gastroepiploic artery runs from the left to the right of the greater curvature of the stomach. The common hepatic artery runs on the superior aspect of the lesser curvature of the stomach, and is a branch of the coeliac trunk. The superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta just below the junction of the coeliac trunk.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Abdomen
- Anatomy
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Question 30
Correct
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A growing tumour is impinging on the lingual artery in the floor of the mouth. Which structure will experience decreased blood flow?
Your Answer: The sublingual gland
Explanation:The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. They are the smallest, most diffuse, and the only unencapsulated major salivary glands. They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume. The gland receives its blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries. The sublingual artery is a branch of the lingual artery, thus damage to the lingual artery will decrease the blood flow to the sublingual gland.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head & Neck
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
