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  • Question 1 - In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are: ...

    Incorrect

    • In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are:

      Your Answer: Cl-, HCO3-, Proteins-

      Correct Answer: Proteins-, HCO3-, Cl-,

      Explanation:

      Anions are negatively charged ions and include: chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions. Chloride it the most abundant anion followed by bicarbonate and then protein anions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      31.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…? ...

    Correct

    • Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…?

      Your Answer: Secondary active transport

      Explanation:

      Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - An effect of aging on the kidney includes? ...

    Correct

    • An effect of aging on the kidney includes?

      Your Answer: Decreased GFR

      Explanation:

      The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100 to 130 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90 to 120 ml/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min per year.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      22.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a...

    Incorrect

    • Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a 55 year old male who weighs 75kg and has a serum creatinine of 150mg/dL?

      Your Answer: 0.44ml/min

      Correct Answer: 0.59ml/min

      Explanation:

      A commonly used surrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:CCr = [(140-age) x Mass(kg)]/[72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)](multiply by 0.85 for women)Therefore CCr = (85 x 75)/(72 x 150) = 0.59

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      144.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Correct

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      28.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per...

    Correct

    • If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per unit time, and PA = arterial plasma level of A, renal clearance of A is equal to?

      Your Answer: (UA x V)/PA

      Explanation:

      Renal clearance = [Urine concentration (UA) x Urine flow (V)]/[Plasma concentration (PA)]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      94.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to? ...

    Correct

    • ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to?

      Your Answer: Increase sodium excretion

      Explanation:

      The physiologic actions of BNP are similar to those of ANP and include decrease in systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure as well as an increase in natriuresis (sodium excretion). The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      23.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion? ...

    Correct

    • What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion?

      Your Answer: Markedly increased Na+ excretion 

      Explanation:

      Osmotic diuresis is the increase of urination rate caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys. The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance). The substances cause an increase in the osmotic pressure within the tubule, causing retention of water within the lumen, and thus reduces the reabsorption of water, increasing urine output (i.e. diuresis). Sodium, chloride, potassium are markedly excreted in osmotic diuresis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      56
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water? ...

    Correct

    • Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water?

      Your Answer: Ascending limb of Henle

      Explanation:

      Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. Unlike the descending limb, the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the counter current exchange mechanism employed by the loop.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      22.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the? ...

    Correct

    • Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the?

      Your Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered proteins, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule. Only ,1% is left in the final urine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What is the most important determinant of ECF volume? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?

      Your Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF

      Explanation:

      The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      25.1
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - ADH causes? ...

    Correct

    • ADH causes?

      Your Answer: Increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin (ADH) has three main effects:1. Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine.2. Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters.3. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Correct

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      16
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?

      Your Answer: Decreased creatinine

      Explanation:

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in kidney and ureter size. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly increases by 50%, returning to normal around 20 weeks postpartum. Plasma sodium does not change because this is offset by the increase in GFR. There is decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and potentially glucosuria (due to saturated tubular reabsorption).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      31.3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+? ...

    Correct

    • How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+?

      Your Answer: Via Na+/H+ antiporter.

      Explanation:

      H+ secretion from cells across the luminal membrane is mostly in exchange for Na+ ions, and to a small extent, through a proton ATPase. Secreted H+ react with filtered HC03- to form H2CO3.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      24.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Where is angiotensinogen produced? ...

    Correct

    • Where is angiotensinogen produced?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      17.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Correct

    • The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Apical surface of thick ascending limb

      Explanation:

      The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is specifically found in cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the macula densa in nephrons, the basic functional units of the kidney. Within these cells, NKCC2 resides in the apical membrane abutting the nephron’s lumen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      43.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the...

    Incorrect

    • In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:

      Your Answer: 25l, 12l, 5l

      Correct Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l

      Explanation:

      In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      15.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the: ...

    Correct

    • The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the:

      Your Answer: Papillary tip of the medulla

      Explanation:

      The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      28
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Angiotensin 2

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      20.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (17/20) 85%
Renal (17/20) 85%
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