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  • Question 1 - A 72 year old man suffered a MI. What is the approximate time...

    Incorrect

    • A 72 year old man suffered a MI. What is the approximate time needed by the scar tissue of the MI to recover and attain full strength?

      Your Answer: 4 weeks

      Correct Answer: Several months

      Explanation:

      A week following a MI attack, a little collagen starts to form and deposit. By the end of the 2nd week, neovascularisation of the scar occurs, with some collagen being laid down in a haphazard fashion. By this time the scar attains some strength. During the next 6 months, collagen is constantly being laid down and is rearranged in order to shrink the scar. Most of the blood vessels by this time have regenerated, decreasing vascularity of the scar reaching full maturity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Injury & Wound Healing; Cardiovascular
      • Pathology
      19.8
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - A 55-year old lady underwent a major surgery for repair of an aortic...

    Correct

    • A 55-year old lady underwent a major surgery for repair of an aortic aneurysm. Her blood pressure was low throughout the intra-operative and the post-operative period, along with increasing serum creatinine and urea. Microscopic examination of her urine showed multiple granular and hyaline casts. What is the likely condition the patient is suffering from?

      Your Answer: Acute tubular necrosis

      Explanation:

      The most common predisposing factor leading to acute tubular necrosis is ischemia, typically seen in hospitalized patients with low blood pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Renal
      19.5
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - A TRUE statement regarding abolition of the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion is...

    Correct

    • A TRUE statement regarding abolition of the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion is that it:

      Your Answer: Will result after vagotomy

      Explanation:

      Recognition and integration of the sight, smell and taste of food triggers the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion, causing an increase in pancreatic HCO3- and enzyme secretion. The degree of enzyme secretion in this phase is about 50% of the maximal response seen with exogenous CCK and secretin. The vagus nerve regulates the secretion through the cholinergic fibres innervating the acinar cells of the pancreas, and through peptidergic nerve fibres, which innervate ductal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      • Physiology
      9.7
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - For calculation of cardiac output by Fick's principle, which of the following vessels...

    Correct

    • For calculation of cardiac output by Fick's principle, which of the following vessels is the best source of venous blood to determine the arterial-to-venous oxygen tension difference?

      Your Answer: Pulmonary artery

      Explanation:

      Fick’s principle states that the total uptake (or release) of a substance by peripheral tissues is equal to the product of the blood flow to the peripheral tissues and the arterial– venous concentration difference (gradient) of the substance. It is used to measure the cardiac output, and the formula is Cardiac output = oxygen consumption divided by arteriovenous oxygen difference. Assuming there are no shunts across the pulmonary system, the pulmonary blood flow equals the systemic blood flow. The arterial and venous blood oxygen content is measured by sampling from the pulmonary artery (low oxygen content) and pulmonary vein (high oxygen content). Peripheral arterial blood is used as a surrogate for the pulmonary vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      20.7
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - A machine worker fractured the medial epicondyle of his right humerus resulting in...

    Correct

    • A machine worker fractured the medial epicondyle of his right humerus resulting in damage to an artery running with the ulnar nerve posterior to the medial epicondyle. The artery injured is the?

      Your Answer: Superior ulnar collateral

      Explanation:

      The superior ulnar collateral artery runs posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, accompanied by the ulnar nerve. This artery arises from the brachial artery near the middle of the arm and ends under the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle by anastomosing with two arteries: the posterior ulnar recurrent and inferior ulnar collateral.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      23.4
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - A 49-year-old man, smoker, complains of a persisting and worsening cough over the...

    Correct

    • A 49-year-old man, smoker, complains of a persisting and worsening cough over the past few months. He also has noted blood in his sputum. The patient has no other major health conditions. Which of the following investigative procedures should be done first?

      Your Answer: Sputum cytology

      Explanation:

      Sputum cytology is a diagnostic test used for the examination of sputum under a microscope to determine if abnormal cells are present. It may be used as the first diagnostic procedure to help detect a suspected lung cancer or certain non-cancerous lung conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Respiratory
      8.6
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - A retroperitoneal structure is: ...

    Correct

    • A retroperitoneal structure is:

      Your Answer: Pancreas

      Explanation:

      Retroperitoneal structures are those that are found behind the peritoneum. They include: kidneys, suprarenal glands, bladder, ureter, inferior vena cava, rectum, oesophagus (part of it), part of the pancreas, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum and ascending and descending parts of the colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      3.2
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - Which of the following conditions is likely to result in splenomegaly, hypochromic anaemia...

    Correct

    • Which of the following conditions is likely to result in splenomegaly, hypochromic anaemia and hemochromatosis in a young male?

      Your Answer: β-Thalassaemia

      Explanation:

      Beta-thalassaemia is due to decreased production of β-polypeptide chains, with an autosomal inheritance pattern. Carrier patients (heterozygotes) are asymptomatic and have mild to moderate microcytic anaemia. This is known as thalassaemia minor. Homozygotes (β-thalassaemia major, or Cooley’s anaemia) develop severe anaemia and marrow hyperactivity. The disease presents at 1-2 years of age with severe anaemia and transfusional and absorptive iron overload. Patients also present with jaundice, leg ulcers, massive splenomegaly and cholelithiasis. The disease can also lead to splenic sequestration leading to faster destruction of transfused red blood cells. Increased marrow activity causes thickening of cranial bones. Involvement of long bones is also seen, which can cause pathological fractures and growth impairment. There is iron deposition in various organs, which can lead to heart failure or hepatic failure (leading to cirrhosis). Thalassaemias are suspected in presence of family history, or signs suggesting microcytic haemolytic anaemia. Further test and quantitative haemoglobin studies are useful. In beta-thalassaemia, there is an increase in serum bilirubin, iron and ferritin levels. There is severe anaemia, often with haemoglobin < 6 g/dl. There is an elevated red blood cell count, which are microcytic. Peripheral blood smear is diagnostic with nucleated erythroblasts, target cells, small pale red blood cells, and punctate basophilia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      32.3
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - A 62-year-old woman presented to the doctor complaining of spine pain, fatigue and...

    Correct

    • A 62-year-old woman presented to the doctor complaining of spine pain, fatigue and oliguria. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Dipstick testing shows no protein, glucose, nitrite or ketones but a semi-quantitative sulphosalicylic acid test for urine protein is positive. Which of the following is the most probable cause of chronic renal failure in this patient.

      Your Answer: Multiple myeloma

      Explanation:

      Dipstick results are negative because the proteins found in the urine of this patient are not albumin but Bence Jones proteins. A Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein commonly detected in patients affected by multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells characterised by the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin. Symptoms include bone pain, bone fractures, bleeding, neurologic symptoms, fatigue, frequent infections and weight loss.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Renal
      14.2
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - A man was stabbed in the thigh following a bar brawl. A superficial...

    Correct

    • A man was stabbed in the thigh following a bar brawl. A superficial vein was injured which terminates in the femoral vein. This superficial vein is?

      Your Answer: Great saphenous

      Explanation:

      The great saphenous vein is considered the longest vein in the body. It terminates in the femoral vein nearly 3cm below the inguinal ligament. It begins at the dorsum of the foot in the medial marginal vein and ascends at the medial side of the leg in relation with the saphenous nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      6.6
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - A 53 year old women with a history of atrial fibrillation developed an...

    Correct

    • A 53 year old women with a history of atrial fibrillation developed an acute abdomen. On laparoscopic examination her bowels appeared to be dusky to red-purple in colour and her mesenteric veins appeared to be patent. Which of the following is most likely to occur in this situation?

      Your Answer: Wet gangrene

      Explanation:

      Infarction of the small bowel following a sudden and complete occlusion of the mesenteric artery can involve any portion of the bowel, whether small or a large. The splenic flexure is at most risk for infarction as it is the watershed area between the superior and inferior mesenteric vessels. Regardless of whether the arterial or the venous blood vessels are occluded, because of the blood reflow into the damaged portion, it will appear haemorrhagic. The bowel appearing congested at first and then becoming oedematous. If the artery is occluded then there will be a clear cut demarcation and in venous occlusion the dusky colour fades with the rest of the normal bowel. Wet gangrene is characteristic of ischaemic injury to the gut.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Injury & Wound Healing; Gastrointestinal
      • Pathology
      15.8
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - A lesion involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus is likely to affect: ...

    Correct

    • A lesion involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus is likely to affect:

      Your Answer: Regulation of circadian rhythm

      Explanation:

      The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms and destruction of the SCN leads to a loss of circadian rhythm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      5.8
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - Which of the following bones was most likely fractured following an injury in...

    Correct

    • Which of the following bones was most likely fractured following an injury in the medial side of the foot between the navicular behind and base of the first metatarsal in front?

      Your Answer: First cuneiform

      Explanation:

      The first cuneiform bone is the largest of the three cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, between the navicular behind and the base of the first metatarsal in front.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      13.2
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - A 26-year old man is brought to the A&E with a stab wound...

    Correct

    • A 26-year old man is brought to the A&E with a stab wound to the chest. The wound is in a part of the left lung that might partially fill the costomediastinal recess in full respiration. Where did the weapon strike this man?

      Your Answer: Lingula

      Explanation:

      During full inspiration, the lingual-of the left lung partially fills the costomediastinal recess. If the apex of the lung is fully filled with air, it would occupy the copula (the part of the pleura that extends above the first rib). The hilum is part of the lung where the neurovascular structures that form the root of the lung enter and leave the lung and doesn’t expand on inspiration. The middle lobe can expand to fill the costomediastinal recess, however, the middle lobe is on the right lung. The inferior lobe, during full inspiration, might fill the costodiaphragmatic recess.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      61.2
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - During cardiac catheterisation in a 20-year old man, the following data is obtained:...

    Correct

    • During cardiac catheterisation in a 20-year old man, the following data is obtained: Pressure (mmHg), O2 saturation (%) Right atrium 7 (N = 5) 90 (N = 75), Right ventricle 35/7 (N = 25/5) 90 (N = 75), Pulmonary artery 35/8 (N = 25/15), 90 (N = 75), Left atrium 7 (N = 9) 95 (N = 95), Left ventricle 110/7 (N = 110/9) 95 (N = 95), Aorta 110/75 (N = 110/75) 95 (N = 95) where N = Normal value. What is the likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Atrial septal defect

      Explanation:

      A congenital heart disease, ASD or atrial septal defect leads to a communication between the right and left atria due to a defect in the interatrial septum. This leads to mixing of arterial and venous blood from the right and left side of the heart. The hemodynamic significance of this defect depends on the presence of shunting of blood. Normally, the left side of the heart has higher pressure than the right as the left side has to pump blood throughout the body. A large ASD (> 9 mm) will result in a clinically significant left-to-right shunt, causing volume overload of the right atrium and ventricle, eventually leading to heart failure. Cardiac catheterization would reveal very high oxygen saturation in the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Eventually, the left-to-right shunt will lead to pulmonary hypertension and increased afterload in the right ventricle, along with the increased preload due to the shunted blood. This will either cause right ventricular failure, or raise the pressure in the right side of the heart to equal or more than that in the left. Elevation of right atrial pressure to that of left atrial pressure would thus lead to diminishing or complete cessation of the shunt. If left uncorrected, there will be reversal of the shunt, known as Eisenmenger syndrome, resulting in clinical signs of cyanosis as the oxygen-poor blood form right side of the heart will mix with the blood in left side and reach the peripheral vascular system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      49.8
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - A 30 year old gym coach presented to the surgical out patient clinic...

    Incorrect

    • A 30 year old gym coach presented to the surgical out patient clinic with a lump in the inguinal region. He was booked for surgery, during which, the surgeon opened the inguinal region and found a hernial sac with a small segment of intestine projecting through the abdominal wall. It was located just above the inguinal ligament and lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. What type of hernia was this?

      Your Answer: A direct inguinal hernia

      Correct Answer: An indirect inguinal hernia

      Explanation:

      An indirect inguinal hernia exits the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring. These are the most common types of hernias often caused by heavy weigh lifting. Direct inguinal hernias exit the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric vessels through weak fascia.

      Congenital inguinal hernias are indirect hernias that occur due to persistence of the processus vaginalis.

      Femoral hernias occur when abdominal viscera push through the femoral ring in the femoral canal.

      Incisional hernia occurs after surgery when the omentum or organ protrudes through a previous site of incision.

      Obturator hernia are a very rare type of hernia where the pelvic or abdominal contents protrude through the obturator foramen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      16.3
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - Which nerve lies immediately medial to the psoas major muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which nerve lies immediately medial to the psoas major muscle?

      Your Answer: Ilioinguinal

      Correct Answer: Obturator

      Explanation:

      The obturator nerve is formed from the ventral divisions of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar nerves. It courses through the fibres of the psoas major and emerges from the medial border near the pelvic brim.

      The iliohypogastric nerve comes from the first lumbar nerve and emerges from the upper part of the lateral border of psoas major.

      The ilioinguinal nerve arises with the iliohypogastric nerve from the first lumbar nerve and also emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major muscle.

      The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve comes from the posterior division of the 2nd and 3rd lumbar nerves to emerge from the lateral border of the psoas major muscle near its middle.

      The femoral nerve also arises from the dorsal divisions, but of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar nerves and courses through the muscle fibres to emerge at the lower part of the lateral border.

      The coccygeal nerve doesn’t arise from the lumbar plexus but from the sacral plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      10.7
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Which condition presents with a positive urine dipstick test for blood, but no...

    Correct

    • Which condition presents with a positive urine dipstick test for blood, but no blood cells on urine microscopy?

      Your Answer: Myoglobinuria

      Explanation:

      Myoglobinuria, or presence of myoglobulin in the urine is seen due to rhabdomyolysis (muscle destruction). Common causes of rhabdomyolysis include trauma, electrical injuries, burns, venom and drugs. Damaged muscle leads to release of myoglobin in the blood. Ideally, the released myoglobin gets filtered and excreted by the kidneys. However, excess myoglobin can occlude the renal filtration system leading to acute tubular necrosis and acute renal dysfunction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Renal
      7.9
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - A medical officer was shown an X ray with barium contrast and was...

    Correct

    • A medical officer was shown an X ray with barium contrast and was asked to distinguish the small from the large bowel. Which of the following features listed is CORRECT?

      Your Answer: Circular folds of the mucosa

      Explanation:

      Distinguishing features include:

      1. Three strips of longitudinal muscle-taenia coli- on the wall instead of a continuous surrounding longitudinal muscle that is seen in the small intestine

      2. The colon has bulges called haustra that are not on the small bowel.

      3. The surface of the colon is covered with fatty omental appendages. Both the colon and the small intestine have similar circular smooth muscle layer, serosa. Peyer’s patches are lymphoid tissues that are not visible on X ray with barium contrast.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      10.9
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - Which type of thyroid tumour represents 75 - 80% of thyroid cancer cases?...

    Incorrect

    • Which type of thyroid tumour represents 75 - 80% of thyroid cancer cases? This type is predominant in children and in patients who have had a previous history of head or neck radiation.

      Your Answer: Follicular carcinoma

      Correct Answer: Papillary carcinoma

      Explanation:

      Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer. This cancer has a high cure rate with 10-year survival rates for all patients with papillary thyroid cancer estimated at 80% to 90%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neoplasia
      • Pathology
      15.7
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - A young lady visited a doctor with complaints of fever and a dull,...

    Correct

    • A young lady visited a doctor with complaints of fever and a dull, continuous pain in the right lumbar region for 6 days. On, enquiry, she recalled passing an increasing number of stools with occasional blood in last few months. Lower gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy was taken 5 cm proximal to ileocaecal valve which showed transmural inflammation with several granulomas. Tissue section showed the absence of acid-fast bacillus. She denies any history of travel and her stool cultures were negative. What is the likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Crohn’s disease

      Explanation:

      Crohn’s disease is a chronic, inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract but is usually seen in the distal ileum and colon. It is transmural and symptoms include chronic diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, anorexia and weight loss. On examination, there is usually abdominal tenderness with a palpable mass or fullness seen occasionally. Rectal bleeding is uncommon (except in isolated colonic involvement) which manifests like ulcerative colitis. Differential diagnosis includes acute appendicitis or intestinal obstruction. 25%-33% patients also have perianal disease in the form of fissure or fistulas.

      Extra intestinal manifestations predominate in children, and include: arthritis, pyrexia, anaemia or growth retardation. Histologically, the disease shows crypt inflammation and abscesses initially, which progress to aphthoid ulcers. These eventually develop into longitudinal and transverse ulcers with interspersed mucosal oedema, leading to the characteristic ‘cobblestoned appearance’. Transmural involvement leads to lymphoedema and thickening of bowel wall and mesentery, leading to extension of mesenteric fat on the serosal surface of bowel and enlargement of mesenteric nodes. There can also be hypertrophy of the muscularis mucosae, fibrosis and stricture formation, which can cause bowel obstruction.

      Abscesses are common and the disease can also leas to development of fistulas with various other organs, anterior abdominal wall and adjacent muscles. Pathognomonic non-caseating granulomas are seen in 50% cases and they can occur in nodes, peritoneum, liver, and in all layers of the bowel wall. The clinical course does not depend on the presence of granulomas. There is sharp demarcation between the diseased and the normal bowel (skip areas).

      35% cases show only the ileal involvement, whereas in 45% cases, both the ileum and colon are involved with a predilection for right side of colon. 20% cases show only colonic involvement, often sparing the rectum (unlike ulcerative colitis). In occasional cases, there is jejunoileitis – involvement of the entire small bowel. The stomach, duodenum and oesophagus are rarely involved, although there has been microscopic evidence of disease involving the gastric antrum in younger patients. The affected small bowel segments show increased rick of cancer. Moreover, patients with colonic disease show a long-term risk of cancer similar to that seen in ulcerative colitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal; Hepatobiliary
      • Pathology
      29.9
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - A 47-year old-woman diagnosed with pancreatitis presented to the emergency department complaining of...

    Incorrect

    • A 47-year old-woman diagnosed with pancreatitis presented to the emergency department complaining of a worsening shortness of breath, fever, agitation and cough. Oxygen saturation was 67% in room air. Her respiratory status continued to deteriorate therefore she was intubated. She was admitted to the intensive care unit for management. Chest X-ray demonstrated bilateral perihilar opacities. The patient failed conventional treatment and died several days later. At autopsy, the lung shows growth of type 2 pneumocytes and thickened alveolar walls. What is the most probable diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Bronchiectasis

      Correct Answer: Adult respiratory distress syndrome

      Explanation:

      Acute (or adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition characterised by a non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that leads to acute respiratory failure. The most common risk factors for ARDS include trauma with direct lung injury, sepsis, pneumonia, pancreatitis, burns, drug overdose, massive blood transfusion and shock. Acute onset of dyspnoea with hypoxemia, anxiety and agitation is typical. Chest X ray most commonly demonstrates bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Histological changes include the exudative, proliferative and fibrotic phase. ARDS is mainly a clinical diagnosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Respiratory
      37.5
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - Which of the following statements regarding the arteries in the neck are TRUE?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements regarding the arteries in the neck are TRUE?

      Your Answer: The thyrocervical trunk typically gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery and suprascapular artery

      Explanation:

      The thyrocervical trunk is one of the three branches of the first part of the subclavian artery and gives numerous branches which supply viscera of the neck, the brachial plexus, neck muscles and scapular anastomoses. The vertebral arteries are major arteries of the neck. They arise as branches from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the single midline basilar artery. The carotid sinus is a dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery just superior to the bifurcation of the internal carotid and external carotid at the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head & Neck
      11.6
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells found in the liver?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells found in the liver?

      Your Answer: Protein synthesis

      Correct Answer: Recycling of old red blood cells

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells found in the liver are part of the monocyte-reticular system. They are specialised macrophages and primarily function to recycle old and damaged RBCs. The RBCs are phagocytosed and the haemoglobin is broken down into haem and globin. The haem is further broken down into iron that is recycled and bilirubin that is conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the bile.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammation & Immunology; Hepatobiliary
      • Pathology
      3.6
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - A 38-year old woman presents to the clinic with a 2 cm eczema-like...

    Correct

    • A 38-year old woman presents to the clinic with a 2 cm eczema-like lesion on the areolar region of her left breast, for 5 months. Biopsy of the lesion showed large cells at the dermal-epidermal junction with positive staining for mucin. What is the likely diagnosis?

      Your Answer: Paget’s disease of the breast

      Explanation:

      Paget’s disease of the breast or nipple resembles eczema in appearance with an underlying carcinoma typically. The disease is usually unilateral and presents with inflammation, oozing and crusting along with a non-healing ulcer. Treatment is often delayed due to the innocuous appearance but can be fatal. It results due to spread of neoplastic cells from the ducts of the mammary gland to the epithelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Women's Health
      6.5
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - When exposing the right saphenofemoral junction for flush-ligation of the saphenous vein, which...

    Incorrect

    • When exposing the right saphenofemoral junction for flush-ligation of the saphenous vein, which of the following is the most likely to be seen passing through this opening?

      Your Answer: Genitofemoral nerve

      Correct Answer: Superficial external pudendal artery

      Explanation:

      The saphenous opening is an oval opening in the fascia lata. It is covered by the cribriform fascia and It is so called because it is perforated by the great saphenous vein and by numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and the superficial external pudendal artery pierces it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      32.7
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - Streptokinase is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction,...

    Correct

    • Streptokinase is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism; however, it is not recommended to use it again after 4 days from the first administration. Which complication could arise from repeated use?

      Your Answer: Allergic reaction

      Explanation:

      Streptokinase belongs to a group of medications known as ‘fibrinolytics’ and is an extracellular metallo-enzyme produced by beta-haemolytic streptococci, used as an effective clot-dissolving medication in patients with myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. As Streptokinase is a bacterial product, the body has the ability to build up an immunity to it. Therefore, it is recommended that this medication should not be used again after four days from the first administration, as it may not be as effective and may also cause an allergic reaction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Pharmacology
      9.7
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - A glycogen storage disorder is characterised by increased liver glycogen with a normal...

    Correct

    • A glycogen storage disorder is characterised by increased liver glycogen with a normal structure and no increase in serum glucose after oral intake of a protein-rich diet. Deficiency of which of the following enzymes is responsible for this disorder?

      Your Answer: Glucose-6-phosphatase

      Explanation:

      The most common glycogen storage disorder is von Gierke’s disease or glycogen storage disease type I. It results from a deficiency of enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase which affects the ability of liver to produce free glucose from glycogen and gluconeogenesis; leading to severe hypoglycaemia. There is also increased glycogen storage in the liver and kidneys causing enlargement and various problems in their functioning. The disease also causes lactic acidosis and hyperlipidaemia. The main treatment includes frequent or continuous feedings of corn-starch or other carbohydrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      • Physiology
      71.3
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - Which tumour occurs in young adults, affecting the epiphyses of the bones and...

    Incorrect

    • Which tumour occurs in young adults, affecting the epiphyses of the bones and sometimes extending to the soft tissues?

      Your Answer: Primary osteogenic sarcoma

      Correct Answer: Benign giant-cell tumour

      Explanation:

      Benign giant-cell tumours tend to affect adults in their twenties and thirties, occur in the epiphyses and can erode the bone and extend into the soft tissues. These tumours have a strong tendency to recur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Orthopaedics
      • Pathology
      95.8
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - Most of the coagulation factors are serine proteases. Which of the following is...

    Incorrect

    • Most of the coagulation factors are serine proteases. Which of the following is not one of them?

      Your Answer: Factor XII

      Correct Answer: Factor XIII

      Explanation:

      Serine protease coagulation factors include: thrombin, plasmin, Factors X, XI and XII. Factor VIII and factor V are glycoproteins and factor XIII is a transglutaminase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • General
      • Physiology
      12
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cell Injury & Wound Healing; Cardiovascular (0/1) 0%
Pathology (9/14) 64%
Renal (3/3) 100%
Gastroenterology (2/2) 100%
Physiology (5/6) 83%
Cardiovascular (2/2) 100%
Anatomy (7/10) 70%
Upper Limb (1/1) 100%
Respiratory (1/2) 50%
Abdomen (2/4) 50%
Haematology (1/1) 100%
Lower Limb (2/3) 67%
Cell Injury & Wound Healing; Gastrointestinal (1/1) 100%
Neurology (1/1) 100%
Thorax (1/1) 100%
Neoplasia (0/1) 0%
Gastrointestinal; Hepatobiliary (1/1) 100%
Head & Neck (1/1) 100%
Inflammation & Immunology; Hepatobiliary (0/1) 0%
Women's Health (1/1) 100%
Pharmacology (1/1) 100%
Orthopaedics (0/1) 0%
General (0/1) 0%
Passmed