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  • Question 1 - During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G...

    Incorrect

    • During the gastric phase, the acid secretion process is stimulated in the G cells by?

      Your Answer: Vagal stimulation and distention of the stomach wall

      Correct Answer: Vagal stimulation, distention of the stomach wall, oligopeptides in the stomach

      Explanation:

      Before the meal enters into the stomach, the amount of secretion is limited. Swallowing of a food bolus triggers the release of gastrin. Once in the stomach, the meal physically distends the stomach activating the stretch receptors and initiating the vago vagal reflex amplifying the secretion during the gastric phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      33.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Pepsinogens

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their...

    Correct

    • Which pair is correct concerning enteroendocrine cells in the GIT mucosa and their products?

      Your Answer: D cells and somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone is secreted form the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Where does most fat digestion begin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does most fat digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Mouth

      Correct Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine (in the duodenum). The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The pressure in the sinusoids is normally: ...

    Correct

    • The pressure in the sinusoids is normally:

      Your Answer: Lower than portal venous pressure

      Explanation:

      The direction of transport of nutrients in the portal vein occurs from the portal vein to the hepatic sinusoids. Thus, he pressure of sinusoids should be lower than the pressure of he portal vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Di and tri peptides are absorbed via a different mechanism as amino acids,...

    Correct

    • Di and tri peptides are absorbed via a different mechanism as amino acids, this is due to the working of which transporter?

      Your Answer: PEPT 1

      Explanation:

      GLUT and SGLT are glucose transporters. Peptides which are longer that four amino acids are not absorbed. There is abundant absorption of di and tri peptidases in the small intestine. They are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the small intestine via a transporter called PepT1 by co-transport with H+ ions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      29.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Vagotomy leads to the following: ...

    Incorrect

    • Vagotomy leads to the following:

      Your Answer: Indigestion

      Correct Answer: Irregular and chaotic peristalsis

      Explanation:

      The Vagus nerve is primarily responsible for autonomic regulation involved in heart, lung and gastrointestinal function. The gastric branches supply the stomach. The right branch joins the celiac plexus and supplies the intestines. Vagotomy involves cutting of the vagus nerve or its branches which is a now-obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease. Vagotomy causes a decrease in peristalsis and a change in the emptying patterns of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      30
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The parietal cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The parietal cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Hydrochloric acid

      Explanation:

      Parietal cells are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which three parietal cell agonists bind at the basolateral membrane at specific receptors...

    Correct

    • Which three parietal cell agonists bind at the basolateral membrane at specific receptors respectively: M3 , H2 , CCK-B, to stimulate acid secretion?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine, histamine , gastrin

      Explanation:

      The three agonists of parietal cell secretion are gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine. Parietal cells are responsible for the secretion of HCl and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      55.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as...

    Correct

    • The infoldings or spaces between the bases of the villi are known as

      Your Answer: Crypts of Lieberkühn

      Explanation:

      An intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon) between the villi.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm? ...

    Correct

    • Which area in the GIT lacks Basic Electrical Rhythm?

      Your Answer: Oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm acts to coordinate peristalsis and are initiated in the interstitial cells of Cajal, specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, below the oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the function of basic electrical rhythm ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of basic electrical rhythm

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: To coordinate peristalsis and other motor activity

      Explanation:

      The basal or basic electrical rhythm (BER) or electrical control activity (ECA) determines the frequency of the contractions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thus acting to coordinate peristalsis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract.

      Your Answer: Parasympathetic cholinergic activity increases the activity of intestinal smooth muscle

      Explanation:

      The parasympathetic nerves stimulate peristalsis and relax the sphincters; they also stimulate secretion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      43.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Glucose absorption in the small intestine is coupled with which of the following...

    Correct

    • Glucose absorption in the small intestine is coupled with which of the following electrolytes?

      Your Answer: Na

      Explanation:

      Sodium-glucose linked transporter are family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and absorbs glucose via cotransport of Na+ ions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following is not secreted by cells in the antrum of...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is not secreted by cells in the antrum of the stomach?

      Your Answer: Hydrochloric acid

      Explanation:

      Cells in the body of the stomach secrete mucus, HCl and pepsinogen. Cells in the antrum secrete pepsinogen, gastrin and mucus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Regarding the anatomy of the intestine, the muscularis propria contains all of which...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the anatomy of the intestine, the muscularis propria contains all of which of the following constituents?

      Your Answer: Lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa

      Correct Answer: Circular muscle, myenteric plexus, longitudinal muscle

      Explanation:

      The muscularis mucosa/propria consists of the inner circular muscles and the outer longitudinal muscles. Between these muscles is the myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      34.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT?

      Your Answer: Between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.

      Explanation:

      A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Correct

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Brunner glands? ...

    Correct

    • Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Brunner glands?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      Brunner’s glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to:- protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme (which is introduced into the duodenum from the stomach);- provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to be active, thus enabling absorption to take place; lubricate the intestinal walls.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Portal vein receives its blood from all the following except:

      Your Answer: Kidney

      Explanation:

      The portal vein receives blood from the intestines via the superior and inferior mesenteric veins, from stomach via the gastric veins and from the spleen and pancreas via splenic vein. The kidney is supplied by the renal artery and drains into the renal vein into the inferior venacava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Majority of gastrinomas are found in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • Majority of gastrinomas are found in the:

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Correct Answer: Duodenum

      Explanation:

      A gastrinoma is a tumour in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. It is usually found in the duodenum, although it may arise in the stomach or pancreas. Those occurring in the pancreas have a greater potential for malignancy. Most gastrinomas are found in the gastrinoma triangle; this is bound by the junction of cystic and common bile ducts, junction of the second and third parts of the duodenum, and the junction of the neck and body of the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The haustral pattern seen in the normal colon is produced by ...

    Correct

    • The haustral pattern seen in the normal colon is produced by

      Your Answer: Taenia coli

      Explanation:

      The haustra (singular haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance. The teniae coli run the length of the large intestine. Because the taeniae coli are shorter than the intestine, the colon becomes sacculated between the taeniae coli, forming the haustra.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is ...

    Incorrect

    • The end product of trehalase action on oligosaccharides is

      Your Answer: Maltotriose and maltose

      Correct Answer: Two glucose molecules

      Explanation:

      Disaccharides are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that break down certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides.Examples of disaccharides:Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - What is the primary problem of achalasia ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary problem of achalasia

      Your Answer: Neuronal death in lower oesophageal sphincter

      Correct Answer: Deficiency of myenteric plexus at the lower oesophageal sphincter

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus is characterized by the failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and aperistalsis, caused primarily by the loss of the inhibitory innervation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      40.4
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above...

    Correct

    • The oligosaccharidases responsible for further digestion of starch after breakdown by the above mentioned enzymes is located where?

      Your Answer: Brush border of small intestine

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      28.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - In the gastric mucosa, which of the following cells is known to secrete...

    Correct

    • In the gastric mucosa, which of the following cells is known to secrete gastric lipase?

      Your Answer: Chief cell

      Explanation:

      Chief cells produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase. Parietal cells produce stomach acid and intrinsic factor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      25.3
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Acetylcholine from enteric nerve endings stimulates this pair: ...

    Incorrect

    • Acetylcholine from enteric nerve endings stimulates this pair:

      Your Answer: Ecl cells and d cells

      Correct Answer: Parietal cells and chief cells

      Explanation:

      In the body of the stomach, the vagal postganglionic muscarinic nerves release acetylcholine(ACh) which stimulates parietal cell H+ secretion. Gastric chief cells are primarily activated by ACh. However the decrease in pH caused by activation of parietal cells further activates gastric chief cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      33.8
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver?

      Your Answer: Factor viii

      Explanation:

      Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside of the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      38.9
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except: ...

    Correct

    • All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except:

      Your Answer: Alpha-amylase

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli which extend from the cell known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes. All these enzymes except alfa amylase are brush border enzymes. Alfa amylase is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the? ...

    Correct

    • The rate limiting pump in the HCL secretion is the?

      Your Answer: Hydrogen potassium ATPase

      Explanation:

      The rate limiting pump in HCl secretion is the H+/K+ ATPase pump.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      18.3
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Where does protein digestion begin? ...

    Correct

    • Where does protein digestion begin?

      Your Answer: Stomach

      Explanation:

      Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid, and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland arrives from the salivary nuclei:

      Your Answer: CN IX

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic presynaptic nerve fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) synapse in the otic ganglion and the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers pass to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Which of the following is the most common route of hepatitis B transmission...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the most common route of hepatitis B transmission worldwide?

      Your Answer: Perinatal transmission

      Explanation:

      The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people’s blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Perinatal transmission is the most common and without intervention, a mother who is positive for HBsAg has a 20% risk of passing the infection to her offspring at the time of birth. This risk is as high as 90% if the mother is also positive for HBeAg.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from ...

    Incorrect

    • Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from

      Your Answer: T8-T12 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion

      Correct Answer: T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion through the greater splanchnic nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      26.5
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Which inhibitor of gastric enzyme secretion is released by the presence of fat...

    Correct

    • Which inhibitor of gastric enzyme secretion is released by the presence of fat in the jejunum?

      Your Answer: Peptide yy

      Explanation:

      Peptide yy is secreted from the jejunum due to the presence of fat. It inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater? ...

    Correct

    • Which two ducts form the ampulla of Vater?

      Your Answer: The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct of Wirsung

      Explanation:

      The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.8
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes...

    Incorrect

    • The lower oesophageal sphincter is under neural control. Which of the following causes contraction of the intrinsic sphincter?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) is a specific region of the oesophageal circular smooth muscle. It allows the passage of a food bolus to the stomach and prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. The tone of the LOS is myogenic in origin and depends on smooth muscle properties that lead to the opening of Ca2+ channels but can also be modulated by enteric motor neurons, the parasympathetic and sympathetic extrinsic nervous system and several neurohumoral substances. Nitric oxide causes LOS relaxation. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      134.4
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Which of the following is true with regard to the acini? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is true with regard to the acini?

      Your Answer: The central zone (Zone III) is the least oxygenated

      Explanation:

      The acini are divided into zone I (periportal), zone II (transition zone), and zone III (pericentral). Cells located close to the portal triad or peripheral zone which consist of an arteriole from the hepatic artery are the most oxygenated cells. Cells in the central zone (III) are least oxygenated and mainly receive blood supply from the central vein which is a branch of hepatic vein.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      34
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is? ...

    Correct

    • The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is?

      Your Answer: Amylase

      Explanation:

      Carbohydrate digesting enzymes are known as amylase. Salivary amylase or ptyalin is the first enzyme to begin carbohydrate digestion in he oral cavity. Amylose is a component of carbohydrates and is not an enzyme. Isomaltase, maltase and sucrase are enzymes found in the small intestines that digest disaccharides like maltose and sucrose to monosaccharides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions:

      Your Answer: Trefoil peptides and mucus- bicarbonate layer.

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, a protein digesting enzyme. Bombesin is a peptide which stimulates gastrin secreting cells in the stomach increasing production of gastric acid. Ecl or enterochromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. Oxyntic cells are also known as parietal cells and are the main cells secreting gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl). Gastric acid and pepsin are harmful agents for the gastric mucosa and can result in autodigestion. It is therefore protected by several agents including bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of gastric acid while Trefoil peptides are a component of gastric mucosa that form a gel like layer in the gastric epithelium protecting it from harmful agents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      118.4
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - G cells release which of the following substances ...

    Correct

    • G cells release which of the following substances

      Your Answer: Gastrin

      Explanation:

      The G cell is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. G cells are found deep within the pyloric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas and duodenum. Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells. Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also targets parietal cells by increasing the amount of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, causing the parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which of the following would provide relief from nausea and vomiting? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following would provide relief from nausea and vomiting?

      Your Answer: Cannabinoids

      Explanation:

      Ondansetron, chlorpromazine and haloperidol are effective antiemetic agents. Corticosteroids, cannabinoids, and benzodiazepines, alone or in combination with 5-HT3 and D2 antagonists, are also useful in the treatment of vomiting produced by chemotherapy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - Which of the following is a product of D cells ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a product of D cells

      Your Answer: Somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin is secreted by D cells, HCL and intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells. Trefoil peptides are secreted by mucus secreting goblet cells and gastrin releasing peptide (grp) by post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve (which innervate the G cells of the stomach).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:...

    Incorrect

    • The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the:

      Your Answer: Gastroduodenal artery

      Correct Answer: Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

      Explanation:

      The blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach is via the left and the right gastro-epiploic arteries branching from the splenic artery near the hilum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      34.5
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which of the following takes place during fasting ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following takes place during fasting

      Your Answer: Migrating motor complex

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The intestine is lined by: ...

    Correct

    • The intestine is lined by:

      Your Answer: Simple columnar epithelium

      Explanation:

      In the small intestine, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. The epithelium is arranged into villi, creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption. The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli.In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucous, are also present.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following proteins are NOT synthesized in the liver?

      Your Answer: Y-globulin

      Correct Answer: Steroid

      Explanation:

      Human steroidogenesis occurs in a number of locations:- Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex.- Oestrogen and progesterone are made primarily in the ovary and the placenta during pregnancy, and testosterone in the testes.- Testosterone is also converted to oestrogen to regulate the supply of each in females and males.- Some neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) express the enzymes required for the local synthesis of pregnant neurosteroids, de novo or from peripheral sources.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - The transporter responsible for most glucose absorption in the lumen of the small...

    Correct

    • The transporter responsible for most glucose absorption in the lumen of the small intestine is called?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Explanation:

      GLUT = Glucose transporter. GLUT are a family of proteins of different types. GLUT 1 is mainly expressed in erythrocytes, whereas GLUT 2 is mainly expressed by, liver cells and renal tubular cells. GLUT 5 is a sucrose transporter in enterocytes. SGLT- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter or sodium-glucose linked transporter are a family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and SGLT2 in the proximal tubule of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Absorption of protein antigens i.e. bacterial and viral proteins takes place in the:...

    Correct

    • Absorption of protein antigens i.e. bacterial and viral proteins takes place in the:

      Your Answer: Microfold cells (m cells) of the intestine

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells. They have a high capacity of transcytosis of microorganisms and macromolecules. They rapidly uptake antigens and present them to immune cells associated with the gut. In contrast to absorptive enterocytes, M cells do not exert direct defence mechanisms to antigens and pathogens in the intestinal cavity. Crypts of Lieberkühn are located mainly in the small intestine and large intestine and the main function is to replenish epithelial cells and to secrete intestinal enzymatic juice as well as mucous. Brunner’s glands empty into intestinal glands and their main function is to secrete mucin and to form a protective mucus layer on the duodenal epithelial cells to protect it from acidic chyme coming from the stomach. Islets of Langerhans are located in the pancreas and secrets insulin mainly. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue plays a role in inducing immune response after presentation of antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - At rest, proton pumps are sequestered within the parietal cell in a series...

    Correct

    • At rest, proton pumps are sequestered within the parietal cell in a series of membrane compartments known as:

      Your Answer: Tubulovesicles

      Explanation:

      The gastric H, K-ATPase pump, which pumps gastric acid (HCl), in the resting state is found in cytoplasmic tubular membranes. In the stimulated state this pump moves from the tubulovesicles to the apical membrane.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 51 - Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which substance is produced by anterograde neurons?

      Your Answer: Substance P

      Correct Answer: Nitric oxide

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Classically in the peripheral nervous system, it diffuses from a presynaptic nerve ending to the post synaptic effecter cell which is mainly smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 52 - Interruption of the entero-hepatic circulation causes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Interruption of the entero-hepatic circulation causes:

      Your Answer: Pale stools

      Correct Answer: The amount of fat in the stool to be increased

      Explanation:

      Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver. One of the causes of the interruption of enterohepatic circulation is the resection of the ileum where fat is mainly absorbed. Fat malabsorption results in increased fat in stools. Pale stools and dark urine is caused by obstruction of the biliary ductal system especially the common bile duct where urobilin and stercobilin are formed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      41.5
      Seconds

  • Question 53 - Normally the portal venous pressure is about: ...

    Correct

    • Normally the portal venous pressure is about:

      Your Answer: 5mmhg

      Explanation:

      Under normal physiological conditions, the pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, typically ranges around 5-10 mmHg. Pressures significantly higher than this range can indicate portal hypertension, which can be associated with liver diseases such as cirrhosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 54 - A patient with a VIPoma (VIP secreting tumour) is likely to exhibit which...

    Incorrect

    • A patient with a VIPoma (VIP secreting tumour) is likely to exhibit which of the following?

      Your Answer: Duodenal ulceration

      Correct Answer: Severe diarrhoea

      Explanation:

      Vasoactive inhibitory peptide (VIP) is found in the nerves innervating the GIT. It markedly stimulates the secretion of intestinal electrolytes and also with them water. This results in secretary diarrhoea. Along with that it also relaxes intestinal smooth muscle including the sphincters, it also results in dilation of the peripheral blood vessels and along with this its also inhibits gastric acid secretions. A VIPoma will exaggerate all this.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      48.9
      Seconds

  • Question 55 - The following are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT? ...

    Correct

    • The following are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Explanation:

      The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation. It is also responsible for a large part of amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as red blood cell production. Some of the proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. The liver is a major site of production for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. The liver also produces albumin, the most abundant protein in blood serum and angiotensinogen. Cholecystokinin, previously called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      20.1
      Seconds

  • Question 56 - The lamina propria contains all of the following except: ...

    Correct

    • The lamina propria contains all of the following except:

      Your Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      The connective tissue of the lamina propria is very loose, allowing it to be very cell rich. The cell population of the lamina propria is variable and can include, for example, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophilic leukocytes, and mast cells. It provides support and nutrition to the epithelium, as well as the means to bind to the underlying tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.1
      Seconds

  • Question 57 - What percentage of blood to the liver is supplied by hepatic artery? ...

    Correct

    • What percentage of blood to the liver is supplied by hepatic artery?

      Your Answer: 25%

      Explanation:

      The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The hepatic portal vein delivers approximately 75% of the liver’s blood supply, and carries venous blood drained from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and its associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining quarter of its blood flow.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 58 - The transport of the di- and tri-peptides into enterocytes is by: ...

    Correct

    • The transport of the di- and tri-peptides into enterocytes is by:

      Your Answer: H+ dependent peptide transporter 1

      Explanation:

      Peptides longer that four amino acids are not absorbed. There is abundant absorption of di and tri peptidases in the small intestine. They are absorbed into the epithelial cell of the small intestine via a transporter called Peptide Transporter 1 by co transport with H+ ions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      20.1
      Seconds

  • Question 59 - Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their...

    Correct

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the formation of the active endopeptidases from their inactive precursors?

      Your Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.9
      Seconds

  • Question 60 - With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for...

    Correct

    • With regard to carbohydrate absorption, which sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?

      Your Answer: SGLT 1

      Explanation:

      SGLT- Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter or sodium-glucose linked transporter are family of proteins of different types. SGLT1 transporter is found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 61 - Where in the gastrointestinal tract are valvulae conniventes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where in the gastrointestinal tract are valvulae conniventes?

      Your Answer: Terminal ileum

      Correct Answer: Jejunum

      Explanation:

      The circular folds (valves of Kerckring or valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 62 - Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the...

    Correct

    • Which glucose transporter is responsible for the uptake of dietary glucose from the gut?

      Your Answer: SGLT1

      Explanation:

      SGLT 1 is responsible for the uptake of glucose via secondary active transport from the small intestine and the renal tubules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 63 - Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach?

      Your Answer: Splanchnic plexus

      Correct Answer: Coeliac plexus

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.4
      Seconds

  • Question 64 - Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Pepsin

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin which is secreted by gastric chief cells and is converted to pepsin, in the presence of gastric HCL. Pepsin is a peptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.7
      Seconds

  • Question 65 - H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced...

    Incorrect

    • H+ ions used in the production of acid by parietal cells is produced with the help of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Histamine

      Correct Answer: Carbonic anhydrase ii

      Explanation:

      Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyses the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (or vice versa). This is a reversible reaction that takes place in the gastric parietal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      24.9
      Seconds

  • Question 66 - The central veins in the liver: ...

    Correct

    • The central veins in the liver:

      Your Answer: Coalesce to form the hepatic vein

      Explanation:

      The central veins coalesce to form the hepatic vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. The portal vein mainly carries blood from different parts of the GIT and is not drained to the inferior vena cava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 67 - Histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin act by way of which second messengers in the...

    Correct

    • Histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin act by way of which second messengers in the release of acid by parietal cells:

      Your Answer: A and D

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine, Histamine and Gastrin receptors are located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell and control its activity. Stimulation of these receptors modulates the levels of protein kinases in the cell and brings about the changes from a resting to stimulated structure. Protein kinase catalyses conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP which activates the proton pump. Calcium ions increase gastric acid secretion elicited by gastrin released through a vagal mechanism, and also by a direct effect on parietal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      26.6
      Seconds

  • Question 68 - Bile contains: ...

    Correct

    • Bile contains:

      Your Answer: Bile acids, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol

      Explanation:

      The main components of bile include bile acids or bile salts, phospholipids; mainly phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, bilirubin, inorganic salts; potassium, sodium and bicarbonate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.7
      Seconds

  • Question 69 - Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include ...

    Correct

    • Role of bile salts in digestion of fats include

      Your Answer: Reduce surface tension, emulsification and transportation

      Explanation:

      Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant reducing surface tension, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 70 - The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is: ...

    Correct

    • The principal enzyme of lipid digestion is:

      Your Answer: Lipase

      Explanation:

      Lipase is the principle enzyme that digest lipids. Amylase digest carbohydrates. Colipase is a co-enzyme that optimize the activity of lipase. Trypsin digest proteins and cholesterol esterase digest cholesterol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 71 - What is the function of migrating motor complex ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of migrating motor complex

      Your Answer: Clears the gut of luminal contents in preparation of the next meal

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon. The MMC occurs every 90–120 minutes during the interdigestive phase (between meals), and is responsible for the rumbling experienced when hungry. It also serves to transport bacteria from the small intestine to the large intestine, and to inhibit the migration of colonic bacteria into the terminal ileum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 72 - Which hormone results in the production of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes but...

    Correct

    • Which hormone results in the production of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes but low in volume?

      Your Answer: Cholecystokinin

      Explanation:

      Cholecystokinin (CCK) mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing gastric acid secretion. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes, hence the old name pancreozymin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 73 - The pressure in the portal circulation is normally adjusted in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The pressure in the portal circulation is normally adjusted in the:

      Your Answer: Hepatic arterioles

      Correct Answer: Sinusoids

      Explanation:

      The pressure in the portal circulation depends on the pressure of the hepatic sinusoids mainly because the direction of transport of nutrients in the portal vein occurs from the portal vein to the hepatic sinusoids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 74 - Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin (CCK): ...

    Correct

    • Select the correct statement regarding cholecystokinin (CCK):

      Your Answer: It causes gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Explanation:

      CCK has a primary action of increasing the motility of the gallbladder by contracting the muscles in the mucosa of the gall bladder. Apart from this, it augments the action of secretin, resulting in the production of an alkaline pancreatic juice. It increases the synthesis of enterokinase, inhibits gastric emptying and may also enhance the motility of the small intestine and colon. It is released (secreted) by your small intestine during the digestive process. It’s sometimes called pancreozymin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      28
      Seconds

  • Question 75 - Which of the following is NOT a component of bile? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of bile?

      Your Answer: Unconjugated bilirubin

      Explanation:

      The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts (electrolytes).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 76 - In paralytic ileus the following are true except: ...

    Correct

    • In paralytic ileus the following are true except:

      Your Answer: Opioid blocking drugs will exacerbate the symptoms

      Explanation:

      Paralytic ileus causes adynamic intestinal obstruction or decreased peristalsis and the most common reason being postoperative ileus. Opioid drugs like morphine are given for pain management and cause decreased peristalsis in the gut resulting in constipation. Theoretically opioid blocking drugs or opioid antagonists can increase peristalsis and can alleviate paralytic ileus symptoms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 77 - VIP, GIP and somatostatin play an inhibitory role in gastric acid secretion by...

    Incorrect

    • VIP, GIP and somatostatin play an inhibitory role in gastric acid secretion by inactivating?

      Your Answer: Enterochromatin like cells

      Correct Answer: G cells

      Explanation:

      Gastrin is secreted from the G cells. VIP, GIP and somatostatin all inhibit acid production by inhibiting the G cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.1
      Seconds

  • Question 78 - There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous...

    Incorrect

    • There is normally an inverse relationship between the hepatic artery and portal venous blood flow. This is maintained by:

      Your Answer: Ability of sinusoids to collapse

      Correct Answer: All of the options are correct

      Explanation:

      There is an inverse relationship between the blood flow of the hepatic artery and portal vein. It is maintained by several factors such as chemicals like adenosine, neurohumoral substances, the morphology of the hepatic portal system (especially the ability of hepatic sinusoids to collapse) and myogenic control which causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 79 - Intrinsic Factor is released by, ...

    Correct

    • Intrinsic Factor is released by,

      Your Answer: Parietal cell

      Explanation:

      Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the small intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 80 - Regarding carbohydrates absorption; ...

    Correct

    • Regarding carbohydrates absorption;

      Your Answer: Intestinal absorption of sugars is inhibited by the drug phlorizin

      Explanation:

      The main role of insulin is in the uptake of glucose from blood to tissues where it is metabolised. Glycose transporters in the intestines do not depend on the action of insulin. Phlorizin is a competitive inhibitor of SGLT1 and SGLT2 because it competes with glucose for the binding site, reducing intestinal and renal glucose transport.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      23.5
      Seconds

  • Question 81 - Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except:

      Your Answer: The phrenoesophageal ligament

      Correct Answer: Peristaltic movements of the oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter contracts preventing reflux of acid into the oesophagus. The sling muscles of the stomach, the crura of the diaphragm and the phreno-oesophageal ligament all play an important role in constricting the lower portion of the oesophagus and preventing reflux. Peristaltic movements do not stop the acid reflux.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      29.3
      Seconds

  • Question 82 - Which of the following initiates migrating motor complex ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following initiates migrating motor complex

      Your Answer: Motilin

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are thought to be partially regulated by motilin, which is initiated in the stomach as a response to vagal stimulation, and does not directly depend on extrinsic nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 83 - Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cells responsible for completely renewing the epithelium of the intestine are located:

      Your Answer: At the base of the microvilli

      Correct Answer: At the base of the crypts

      Explanation:

      Epithelial cells are renewed every 4-5 days through a process of renewal and migration. Renewal relies on proliferative cells or stem cells that reside at the crypt base of the intestinal glands. Crypts are epithelial invasions into the underlying connective tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 84 - Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to ...

    Correct

    • Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to

      Your Answer: Produce pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

      Explanation:

      Cholecystokinin (CCK) mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying and decreasing gastric acid secretion. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes, hence the old name pancreozymin. Together these enzymes catalyse the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 85 - Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen...

    Correct

    • Colipase is secreted in an inactive form. Its activation in the intestinal lumen is by

      Your Answer: Trypsin

      Explanation:

      The enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyse the reaction pro-colipase → colipase. Colipase is necessary, along with bile salts, to enable lipase function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      15.5
      Seconds

  • Question 86 - The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the...

    Incorrect

    • The enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine activating the proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins is called?

      Your Answer: Procarboxypeptidase

      Correct Answer: Enterokinase

      Explanation:

      Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme of the duodenum that activates proteolytic enzymes for further digestion of proteins. Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of enterokinase. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells and are enzymes that aid in protein digestion. Pepsin is secreted by chief cells of the gastric mucosa. Procarboxydase is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase which is converted to its active form by trypsin and is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 87 - Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following happens when anterograde neurons are stimulated?

      Your Answer: Receptive relaxation of the git musculature

      Correct Answer: Smooth muscle relaxation ahead of the stimulus

      Explanation:

      Nitric oxide is thought to act as an anterograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide causes relaxation of smooth muscles ahead of the stimulus. Clinically it is used as a potent vasodilator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 88 - Absorption of fructose is via: ...

    Incorrect

    • Absorption of fructose is via:

      Your Answer: Secondary active transport

      Correct Answer: Facilitated diffusion

      Explanation:

      Dietary fructose may be ingested as a monosaccharide or as a disaccharide. Sucrose is hydrolysed by sucrase to produce equal amounts of glucose and fructose and in this form, is usually completely absorbed. Fructose is mostly absorbed in the small intestine through GLUT-5 transporter mediated facilitative diffusion. This is an energy independent process.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      15.8
      Seconds

  • Question 89 - Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following forms an important constituent of the brush border on the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Hydrolases

      Explanation:

      There are certain enzymes which are part of the brush border cells including hydrolases also known as the brush border hydrolases. They perform the final step in digestion of certain nutrients.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      26.7
      Seconds

  • Question 90 - Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that...

    Correct

    • Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes?

      Your Answer: CCK

      Explanation:

      CCK (Cholecystokinin): CCK is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine. It stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, which aids in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.

      Secretin: Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It primarily stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize the acid, but it does not primarily stimulate enzyme secretion.

      Gastrin: Gastrin is produced by G-cells in the stomach. It stimulates gastric acid secretion by the stomach, not pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas. It does not act to stimulate the pancreas; rather, it is a component of the pancreatic juice that helps digest proteins.

      Elastase: Elastase is also an enzyme produced by the pancreas. Like chymotrypsin, it is involved in the digestion of proteins and does not stimulate the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (62/90) 69%
Medicine (62/90) 69%
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