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  • Question 1 - In RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), the DNA fragments are separated by length...

    Correct

    • In RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), the DNA fragments are separated by length through a process known as:

      Your Answer: Agarose gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Samples of DNA from individuals are broken into pieces by restriction enzymes and the fragments are separated according to their lengths via gel electrophoresis. Although now largely obsolete due to the rise of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, RFLP analysis was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      52.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit:

      Your Answer: All gene mutations cause clinical disease entities

      Explanation:

      All gene mutations do not cause a clinical manifestation of the disease, some gene mutations are silent mutations. They are present but do not cause any disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      28.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Restriction Enzymes... ...

    Correct

    • Restriction Enzymes...

      Your Answer: Cut DNA sequences at specific sites

      Explanation:

      Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognise short sequences of double stranded DNA and cut them at specific nucleotide points or sequences. These sequences differ for different restriction endonucleases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Telomerase is active in the following cells except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Telomerase is active in the following cells except:

      Your Answer: Germ cells

      Correct Answer: Certain osteoblasts

      Explanation:

      Some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase, an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosomes. Telomerase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, meaning an enzyme that can make DNA using RNA as a template.

      Telomerase is not usually active in most somatic cells (cells of the body), but it’s active in germ cells (the cells that make sperm and eggs) and some adult stem cells. These are cell types that need to undergo many divisions, or, in the case of germ cells, give rise to a new organism with its telomeric “clock” reset.
      Interestingly, many cancer cells have shortened telomeres, and telomerase is active in these cells. If telomerase could be inhibited by drugs as part of cancer therapy, their excess division (and thus, the growth of the cancerous tumor) could potentially be stopped.
       A subset of liver cells with high levels of telomerase renews the organ during normal cell turnover and after injury.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      44.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are...

    Correct

    • Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are true except:

      Your Answer: In knockout mouse models a gene is turned on through targeted mutation

      Explanation:

      In RFLP, polymorphism occurs in 98% of the non coding genome, resulting in no phenotypical change in the organism. A gene is not turned on by a mutation, rather the mutation at the restriction site will alter the DNA and the DNA will now form fragments of different lengths. PCR is a better technique than RFLP.

      A knockout, as related to genomics, refers to the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism. Scientists create knockout organisms to study the impact of removing a gene from an organism, which often allows them to then learn something about that gene’s function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      32.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which...

    Correct

    • The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which end of the guanosine rich region.

      Your Answer: 3rd end

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that uses the RNA template to synthesize DNA in the 5th-3rd direction resulting in extension of the 3rd end and then translocates it to the newly synthesized end. The GT rich strand is thus elongated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which statement is incorrect regarding transcription of DNA? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is incorrect regarding transcription of DNA?

      Your Answer: After the splicing of introns, the mature mRNA moves out of the nucleus towards the endoplasmic reticulum.

      Correct Answer: A gene is always read in the 3’-5’ orientation and at 3’ promoter sites.

      Explanation:

      In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes RNA polymerase acts in the 5′-3′ direction and hence the RNA is transcribed in this direction. The mRNA produced is immature as it has introns as well as exons presents. It undergoes a process known as splicing to remove the exons and then interacts with the ribosomes to form proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      79.9
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute? ...

    Correct

    • During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute?

      Your Answer: Telophase

      Explanation:

      In telophase the nuclear envelope along with the nucleolus will reappear. The daughter nuclei will enlarge as the chromosome will decondense again. Along with this, cytokinesis will occur. At the end of cytokinesis the daughter centrioles will move from the poles to the intercellular bridge where they will be disassembled and complete the separation of the daughter cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which statement is incorrect? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement is incorrect?

      Your Answer: Translation begins when the triplet (UGA) encoding for methionine is encountered.

      Explanation:

      Translation being when the codon for methionine is encountered which is AUG not UGA. This process is known as initiation. All the other options are correct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      54.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - In Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), the DNA fragments are separated by length through...

    Correct

    • In Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), the DNA fragments are separated by length through a process known as:

      Your Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Samples of DNA from individuals are broken into pieces by restriction enzymes and the fragments are separated according to their lengths via gel electrophoresis. Although now largely obsolete due to the rise of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, RFLP analysis was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4.3
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - With regard to X linked disorders which of the following are true ...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to X linked disorders which of the following are true

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: X linked recessive disorders usually present in males and only very rarely present in homozygous females

      Explanation:

      All are true for autosomal recessive disorders. Dominance rules for sex-linked gene loci are determined by their behaviour in the female: because the male has only one allele (except in the case of certain types of Y chromosome aneuploidy), that allele is always expressed regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      19.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is true for P 53: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is true for P 53:

      Your Answer: It is induced by ‘broken’ DNA

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding tumour suppressor genes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All are true for autosomal recessive disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      137
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed...

    Correct

    • The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed for ATP production. These proteins are also essential for:

      Your Answer: Apoptotic cell death

      Explanation:

      The intrinsic pathway or the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is activated due to the loss of BCL-2 and other antiapoptotic proteins. This loss results in the increased membrane permeability and release of cytochrome C which activates caspases downstream resulting in apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - When 2 nucleotide chains of DNA bind together, thymine is bound to: ...

    Correct

    • When 2 nucleotide chains of DNA bind together, thymine is bound to:

      Your Answer: Adenine

      Explanation:

      As a general rule in the structure of DNA, thymine always binds to adenine with two hydrogen bonds, cytosine always binds to guanine with three hydrogen bonds and vice versa. However In the structure of RNA the only difference is that adenine binds to uracil instead of thymine. But thymine will always bind to adenine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:...

    Correct

    • The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Male to male transmission is a key factor of which type of inheritance?...

    Incorrect

    • Male to male transmission is a key factor of which type of inheritance?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Autosomal dominant

      Explanation:

      Autosomal dominant type of inheritance can include both sexes in the same ratio. There is no skipping a generation and father to son transmission is common. The passing of the trait is sex independent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      163.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Near the transcription site of a gene, the site at which RNA polymerase...

    Correct

    • Near the transcription site of a gene, the site at which RNA polymerase and its cofactors bind is known as the:

      Your Answer: Promotor

      Explanation:

      Transcription will begin when the RNA polymerase II binds to the promotor. The promotor is a sequence of 25 nucleotides found upstream from the start site of transcription. This promotor sequence is known as the TATA box. Transcription factors also bond along with RNA polymerase to this site to form a complex. However some may bind to regulatory elements proximal to the promotor site.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      20.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except:

      Your Answer: Inversion

      Correct Answer: Lyonization (x-linked disorders)

      Explanation:

      All are true except for A) Lyonization which is the inactivation of the X chromosomes in a female. It is not a chromosomal abnormality.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      27.4
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - When during the cell cycle do the centrioles replicate? ...

    Incorrect

    • When during the cell cycle do the centrioles replicate?

      Your Answer: Mitosis

      Correct Answer: G1 phase

      Explanation:

      During G1 phase the cell will prepare for cell division. All the organelles will start to duplicate in this phase and the cell will begin to grow whilst proteins are also synthesized.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Under normal conditions (where n represents the number of chromosome pairs), just before...

    Incorrect

    • Under normal conditions (where n represents the number of chromosome pairs), just before mitosis begins, how many chromosomes are contained in the nucleus of each somatic cell:

      Your Answer: 2n

      Correct Answer: 4n

      Explanation:

      In a normal somatic cell there are 2n chromosome but in a replicating cell just before mitosis the chromosomes duplicate but are still joined via the centrosome. Thus there are 4n chromosomes. After completion of mitosis the number goes back to 2n.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      35.9
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules occur?

      Your Answer: G1

      Correct Answer: S

      Explanation:

      DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. In the G1 phase the cell prepares to divide. In G2 the cellular organelles divide and in the M phase mitosis occur. In the G0 phase the cell becomes quiescent and does not divide further.

      Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - During which phase of meiosis does exchange of genetic material occur accounting for...

    Correct

    • During which phase of meiosis does exchange of genetic material occur accounting for genetic diversity between individuals:

      Your Answer: Prophase 1

      Explanation:

      Prophase 1 has been divided into five different stages ( laptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene ans diakinesis). In prophase 1 chromosomes are going to condense to become visible, each chromosome will contain two chromatids that are joined at the centromere. the nucleolus and nuclear envelope are going to disintegrate. the homologous chromosomes will form tetrad and crossing over will occur between the chromosomes (random exchange of genes), the point of exchange is known as the chiasmata, this increases genetic diversity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      16.9
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Southern Blotting and DNA probes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Southern Blotting and DNA probes:

      Your Answer: RNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Correct Answer: DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Explanation:

      A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The other forms of blotting involve the use of RNA and proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      24.1
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is...

    Correct

    • The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?

      Your Answer: The two strands of DNA are held together by cysteine bonds.

      Explanation:

      The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds formed between the nucleotide bases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      24.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following is false with regard to the following statement: Proto-...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is false with regard to the following statement: Proto- oncogenes can be transformed to oncogenes in the following ways.

      Your Answer: Gene amplification

      Correct Answer: Inhibition of P53

      Explanation:

      Proto oncogenes cannot be transformed into oncogenes due to inhibition of P53 gene. There has to be a mutation in the proto oncogene. All the other options are true.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      15.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - In most somatic cells telomeres progressively shorten as: ...

    Correct

    • In most somatic cells telomeres progressively shorten as:

      Your Answer: The cell divides

      Explanation:

      Telomere length shortens with age. Progressive shortening of telomeres leads to senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells, affecting the health and lifespan of an individual. Telomeres prevent the chromosomes from shortening and prevent the coding portion of the DNA from being lost, thus allowing the cell to replicate indefinitely. During replication telomeres may be lost resulting in cell death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which statement is correct regarding mRNA? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is correct regarding mRNA?

      Your Answer: mRNAs are polymers of nucleosides containing a ribose-phosphate unit attached to a base.

      Correct Answer: mRNAs are mainly found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell.

      Explanation:

      mRNA is transcribed from DNA and is carried to the cytosol to be translated. Hence it is mainly found in the cytosol and the nucleus of a cell. It is single stranded and contains the base uracil instead of thymine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      77.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - When during the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? ...

    Correct

    • When during the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

      Your Answer: S phase

      Explanation:

      The S phase is known as the synthesis phase. During this phase DNA will begin to replicated, as well as the synthesis of the centrosomes and associated proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Genetics (19/30) 63%
Medicine (19/30) 63%
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